Topic: Business valuations

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  • 11 Marks

FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Business Valuation

Valuing a company using the discounted cash flow model and price multiples.

Djokoto PLC (Djokoto) has 12 million ordinary shares outstanding and no other long-term debt. The Finance Director of Djokoto, Adepa, estimates that Djokoto’s free cash flows at the end of the next three years will be GH¢0.5 million, GH¢0.6 million, and GH¢0.7 million, respectively. After Year 3, the free cash flow will grow at 5% yearly forever. The appropriate discount rate for this free cash flow stream is determined to be 15% annually.

In a separate analysis based on ratios, Adepa estimates that Djokoto will be worth 10 times its Year 3 free cash flow at the end of the third year. Adepa gathered data on two companies comparable to Djokoto: Mesewa and Dunsin. It is believed that these companies’ price-to-earnings, price-to-sales, and price-to-book-value per share should be used to value Djokoto.

The relevant data for the three companies are given in the table below:

Variables Mesewa Dunsin Djokoto
Current Price Per Share 7.20 4.50 2.40
Earnings Per Share 0.20 0.15 0.10
Revenue Per Share 3.20 2.25 1.60
Book Value Per Share 1.80 1.00 0.80

Required:
i) Estimate Djokoto’s fair value based on the discounted cash flows model. (5 marks)
ii) Compute the following ratios for the comparable companies:

  • P/E Ratio (2 marks)
  • Price-to-Sales Ratio (2 marks)
  • Price-to-Book-Value Ratio (2 marks)
    iii) Based on the valuation results, discuss whether an investor should buy, sell, or hold Djokoto shares. Justify your recommendation. (4 marks)
    iii) Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of business combinations.

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2020 – L3 – Q4a – Business Valuation

Determine share value of Anidaso Ltd using multiple valuation methods including net assets, P/E ratio, dividend yield, and discounted cash flow.

Anidaso Ltd operates in the manufacturing industry in Ghana. The company is in the process of selling some of its shares to the general public to raise funds to expand its operations. Below are the financial statements of the company:

Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 September, 2019

GH¢’000
Revenue 122,900
Cost of sales (58,650)
Gross profit 64,250
Selling, general & administration expenses (43,570)
Profit before interest & taxes 20,680
Finance cost (1,680)
Profit before taxation 19,000
Taxation @ 20% (4,750)
Profit after tax 14,250

Statement of changes in equity (extracts) for the year ended 30 September, 2019

GH¢’000
Retained Earnings at October 1, 2018 47,970
Profit for the year 14,250
Dividend paid (6,200)
Retained Earnings at 30 September, 2019 56,020

Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September, 2019

GH¢’000 GH¢’000
Non-current assets
Development expenditure 13,050
Patents 8,200
Property, plant, and equipment 98,750 120,000
Current assets
Inventories 21,700
Trade receivables 12,501
Bank and cash 5,944 40,145
Current liabilities
Trade payables (15,400) 24,745
Net current assets 144,745
Non-current liabilities
10% Debenture loan stock (12,000) 132,745
Equity
Share capital 50,000
Revaluation Surplus 26,725
Retained Earnings 56,020 132,745

Additional relevant information:

  • The share capital of the company is composed of:
    • GH¢000
    • 20% redeemable preference shares 10,000
    • Ordinary shares (issued @GH¢0.20 each) 40,000
    • Total share capital: 50,000
  • A review of the development expenditure indicated that only 50% of it is worthwhile.
  • An independent valuer has placed values on some of the assets of Anidaso Ltd below:
    • Property, plant & equipment: GH¢111,000
    • Inventories: GH¢16,200
    • Trade receivables: GH¢10,000
    • Total value: GH¢137,200
  • Profit forecasts for the next five years of Anidaso Ltd are as follows:
    Year-end 30 September Profit before Tax (GH¢’000) Depreciation Charge (GH¢’000)
    2020 14,900 1,100
    2021 16,000 1,225
    2022 19,250 1,550
    2023 19,800 2,025
    2024 21,550 2,130
  • The patents in the statement of financial position represent a license to produce an improved variety of a product and is expected to generate a pre-tax profit of GH¢10,000 per year for the next five years.
  • Abiola Limited is a competitor company listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange, and data extracted from its recently published financial statements revealed the following details:
    • Market capitalization: GH¢1,000,000
    • Number of ordinary shares: 800,000
    • Earnings per share: GH¢0.20
    • Dividend payout ratio: 80%
  • The cost of capital of Anidaso Ltd is 10%.

Required:
Determine the value to be placed on each share of Anidaso Ltd using the following methods of valuation: i) Net assets
ii) Price-earnings ratio
iii) Dividend yield
iv) Discounted cash flow

 

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  • 15 Marks

CR – May 2019 – L3 – Q3 – Business valuations

The question involves redrafting financial statements of PFC based on additional information provided and calculating a range of possible issue prices for an IPO using Net Assets Method and Earnings Yield/Price Earnings Ratio Method.

The Board of Pogas Furniture Ltd (PFC), after a few years of incorporation, has decided to get the company listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange. The Board has contacted you to assist in determining the true value of the business as at 31 December 2018 and to provide a range of possible issue prices based on the Net Assets Method and the Earnings Yield Method. Oliso Ltd, a listed company and a competitor of PFC, current results show a price-earnings ratio of 5 and earnings yield of 20%. The summarised unaudited financial statements of PFC are as follows:

Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31 December 2018

GH¢’000
Sales Revenue (note i) 150,000
Cost of Sales (72,000)
Gross Profit 78,000
Operational Expenses (34,800)
Finance Costs (Interest on debenture stocks) (1,200)
Net Profit 42,000
Taxation (@ 25%) (10,500)
Profit for the period 31,500

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2018

GH¢’000
Non-current assets
Property at Valuation (Land GH¢3 million; buildings GH¢27 million) 30,000
Plant and Equipment 24,000
Intangible Asset – Patent Right 3,000
Financial Asset (fair valued through profit or loss at 1/1/2018) 7,500
Total Non-current Assets 64,500
Current Assets 30,000
Total Assets 94,500
Equity and Liabilities
Stated Capital (4 million shares issued at GH¢3.00 per share) 12,000
Retained Earnings 57,960
Total Equity 69,960
Non-current liabilities
20% Debenture Stocks (2018-2020) 6,000
Deferred Tax provision (1 January 2018) 4,500
Total Non-current Liabilities 10,500
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables 3,540
Current Tax liability 10,500
Total Current Liabilities 14,040
Total Equity and Liabilities 94,500

Additional Information:

i) The sales revenue includes GH¢24 million of revenue for credit sales made on a ‘sale or return’ basis. At 31 December 2018, customers who had not paid for the goods had the right to return GH¢7.8 million of them. PFC applied a markup on cost of 30% on all these sales. In the past, PFC’s customers have sometimes returned goods under this type of agreement.

ii) The depreciable non-current assets have not been depreciated for the year ended 31 December 2018.

  • PFC has a policy of revaluing its land and buildings at the end of each accounting year. The values in the above statement of financial position are as at 1 January 2018 when the buildings had a remaining life of 18 years. A qualified surveyor has valued the land and buildings at 31 December 2018 at GH¢33 million.
  • Plant and equipment are depreciated at 12.5% per annum on the reducing balance basis. As at 31 December 2018, the value in use and the fair value less cost to sell were assessed at GH¢21.3 million and GH¢20.25 million respectively.
  • The patent right was acquired in January 2018 at a cost of GH¢3 million. It is expected to be used for five years after which the right of usage would have to be renewed in January 2023.

iii) The financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are held in a fund whose value changes directly in proportion to a specified market index. At 1 January 2018, the relevant index was 240.0, and at 31 December 2018, the index was 259.2.

iv) In late December 2018, the directors of PFC discovered a material fraud perpetrated by the company’s credit controller. Investigations revealed that a total of GH¢9 million of the trade receivables (included in current assets) as shown in the statement of financial position at 31 December 2018 had in fact been paid and the money had been stolen by the credit controller. An analysis revealed that GH¢3 million had been stolen in the year to 31 December 2017, with the rest being stolen in the current year. PFC is not insured for this loss and it cannot be recovered from the credit controller since his whereabouts are unknown.

v) As at 31 December 2018, the company’s taxable temporary differences had increased to GH¢24 million. The deferred tax relating to the increase in the temporary differences should be taken to profit or loss. The applicable corporate tax rate is 25%. The above figures do not include the estimated provision for current income tax on the profit for the year ended 31 December 2018. After allowing for any adjustments required in items (i) to (iv), the directors have estimated the provision of current tax liability for 2018 at 25% of adjusted profit. (This is in addition to the deferred tax effects of item (v)).

Required:

a) Redraft the financial statements above (taking into consideration the additional information (i) – (v) above). (11 marks)

b) Based on the revised financial statements, provide a range of possible issue prices per share using the Net Assets Method and the Earnings Yield/Price Earnings Ratio Method. (4 marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q3 – Business valuations

Identify valuation factors, determine share value using the net assets approach, and prepare the consolidated financial statement for GCC Bank Ltd after the takeover of Wunam Bank Ltd.

The shareholders of Wunam Bank (Ghana) Limited have decided to sell the company to GCC Bank (Ghana) Limited following their inability to recapitalize the company as demanded by the Bank of Ghana. The statement of financial positions of the two banks as at 31 March 2018 are given below.

Additional Information:

  1. Wunam Bank Ltd carries a huge non-performing loan portfolio. It is estimated that only 40% of the outstanding loans are recoverable.
  2. Investments represent 91-Day Treasury Bills held as secondary reserves. An audit has shown that the investments were overstated in 2017, as interest on investments for that year amounts to GH¢4.15 million.
  3. Other assets include long outstanding debits amounting to GH¢3.6 million, which are not represented by tangible assets.
  4. Deposits amounting to GH¢3.75 million could not be accounted for. This phenomenon has prevailed since 2014 but has not been provided for in the accounts.
  5. Property, Plant & Equipment includes an old banking software amounting to GH¢1.25 million, considered worthless. The remaining tangible fixed assets have been revalued at GH¢15.3 million.
  6. Cash and balances with other banks include GH¢2.4 million due from Sakara Rural Bank Ltd, which was liquidated in 2016.
  7. Other liabilities include interest earned on investments amounting to GH¢3.15 million.
  8. Goodwill was assessed at 2.5% of adjusted deposits and current accounts.
  9. Wunam Bank Ltd has invested in Government bonds worth GH¢12.6 million as at 31 March 2018 to fund new ATMs and branches.

Required: a) Identify FOUR (4) factors you would consider in determining the value to be placed on assets when using the net assets approach to valuation of Wunam Bank Ltd.
(4 marks)

b) Determine the value to be placed on the shares of Wunam Bank Ltd using the net assets approach to valuation.
(5 marks)

c) Prepare the statement of financial position of GCC Bank Ltd after the takeover using your answer in (b). Assume the following:

  • The purchase consideration was duly settled.
  • GCC Bank Ltd took over all assets and liabilities.
  • Goodwill was written off.

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q4a – Business valuations

Determine the value of shares of Aboto Ltd using multiple valuation methods including net assets, price-earnings ratio, dividend yield, and discounted cash flow

Aboto Ltd is a private company in the printing industry. It was established by the Aboto family some twenty years ago with Mrs. Aboto as the Managing Director. The business has grown in size over the years, and the directors are now considering listing the company on the Ghana Stock Exchange. The financial statements of the company for the year 2020 are given below:

Additional Information:

  1. The Share Capital of Aboto Ltd consists of ordinary share capital of no par value issued at GH¢100 per share.
  2. An independent valuer estimated the fair value of the Property, Plant & Equipment at GH¢500,000. Valuation charges of 2% have not been accrued for in the above accounts.
  3. The inventory includes obsolete items worth GH¢5,000 being held despite persistent advice by the auditors to have them written off.
  4. Receivables include an amount of GH¢12,000 resulting from the bankruptcy of a major customer. Aboto Ltd is not likely to realize any amount from this, but the directors have refused to make any provision.
  5. The patents represent a right to sell a special product. This product is expected to generate cash flows of GH¢2,000 per annum indefinitely.
  6. The discounted present value of future cash payments in respect of the debentures is GH¢20,000.
  7. Profits after tax of Aboto Ltd over the past four years were as follows:
    Year Profits (GH¢)
    2019 38,000
    2018 36,000
    2017 32,000
    2016 30,000
  8. A corporate plan prepared by the directors of Aboto Ltd in 2018 included the following positions:
  9. The price-earnings ratio and a dividend yield of quoted companies in the same industry Aboto Ltd operates are 8 and 4%, respectively.
  10. The net assets of Aboto Ltd as at 31 December 2019 were GH¢251,100.
  11. The cost of capital of Aboto Ltd is 20%.
  12. Investing in unlisted securities is about 20% more risky than investing in listed securities.

Required:

Determine the value to be placed on each share of Aboto Ltd using the following methods of valuation:

i) Net assets (4 marks)
ii) Price-earnings ratio (4 marks)
iii) Dividend yield (3 marks)
iv) Discounted cash flow (4 marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – May 2016 – L3 – Q4a – Business valuation

Compute the value of ordinary shares using three valuation methods for a company preparing for listing, based on given financial statements and additional information.

In 2015, the shareholders of Depot Ltd decided to sell their equity stake in the company. The company is not listed and the new shareholders plan to prepare the company for listing once the acquisition was completed. The summarized financial statements of Depot Ltd for the year ended 30th June, 2015 are stated below:

Statement of Income for the year ended 30th June, 2015

The following additional information is provided;

  1. The discounted present value of future cash payments in respect of the long term loan is GH¢48,800,000.
  2. The stated capital of Depot Ltd is made up of 25,000,000 ordinary shares of no par value.
  3. Current Assets include inventory of GH¢6,600,000 representing goods received from a major supplier on “not for sale but display only” basis.
  4. The fair value of the tangible non-current assets was GH¢116,000,000.
  5. The profit for the current year includes VAT of 17.5% on turnover of GH¢8,500,000 being invoice amount sold to a customer.
  6. The discount rate of Depot Ltd is 10% per annum.
  7. Warehouse Ltd, a major competitor of Depot Ltd is listed with a P/E ratio of 9 and dividend yield of 5.2.
  8. Profits after tax over the 4 years were as follows;

Required:
Compute the value to be placed on the ordinary shares using three methods of valuation and advise the Directors accordingly.

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2023 – L3 – Q4a – Business Valuation

Determine appropriate valuation methods and price range for Odenkey Plc based on financial statements and additional information provided.

a) The Directors of Odenkey Plc have decided to sell their business and have begun a search for organisations interested in the purchase. As a Consultant, you have been asked to determine the appropriate range of price per share suitable for the company. Relevant information is as follows:

Additional information:

  1. The receivables include GH¢12,000,000 of revenue for credit sales made on a ‘sale or return’ basis. On 31 December 2022, customers who had not paid for the goods, had the right to return GH¢5,000,000 worth of them. Odenkey Plc applied a markup on cost of 25% on all these sales. Based on previous transactions, it is expected that 80% of the goods will be returned.
  2. The property, plant and equipment includes a building that was originally acquired for GH¢20,000,000 five years ago with an initial estimated useful life of 20 years. The property was revalued to GH¢18,000,000 as at 31 December 2022, and the revaluation reserve is yet to be recognised in the financial statement. Due to degradation of the land on which the building stands, the company undertook an impairment review and it was found that, the fair value of the property as at 31 December 2022 is estimated to be GH¢17,000,000. The value in use of the property is calculated as being GH¢16,000,000.
  3. The patent was originally acquired 2 years ago and the rights were set at 50 years from the date the patent was originally purchased. The patent was amortised by Odenkey Plc using straight line method over the remaining copyright period. However, recent legislative changes passed on 1 January 2022 have extended the patent period forever. The Research and Development departments projects net future cashflow of GH¢4,500,000 per year from the patent even though the prices of similar patents on the market are valued at GH¢ 18,500,000.
  4. The company had a retained earnings balance of GH¢5,000,000 as at 31 December 2021. It has always practiced a dividend payout ratio of 35% when it makes profit during the year.
  5. The following information relates to Odenkey Plc and a competitor Odafomtim Ltd: Odenkey Plc Odafomtim Ltd Number of Shares 3,000,000 500,000 5 years’ average sales growth 8% 9% 5 years’ average growth in EBIT 6% 10.5% P/E ratio as at 31 December 2022 – 18.61 Estimated return on equity 9.5% 12%
  6. The company’s cost of capital is 25%.
  7. Odafomtim Ltd is a listed firm and has a sizeable market share.

Required:

i) Use the information provided to suggest FOUR (4) valuations which prospective purchasers might make.

(12 marks)

ii) Comment on the appropriateness of the range of price per share of Odenkey Plc that the Directors can offer.

(3 marks)

 

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Mar 2024 – Q4a – Business valuation

Apply various valuation methods to determine the value of Meddy Ltd's shares in a potential merger scenario with Flossybeats Ltd.

Flossybeats Ltd is a major competitor of Meddy Ltd in the telecommunication industry. Flossybeats Ltd is listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange with a P/E ratio of 11 and a dividend yield of 7.2%. Directors of Flossybeats Ltd have been presented with a proposal to merge with Meddy Ltd which owns 45% of the market share but not yet listed. The summarized financial statements of Meddy Ltd for the year 2023 are given below:

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2023

Additional information: i) An existing property included in property, plant and equipment with a carrying value of GH¢675,000 could be developed as a site for residential use at a cost of GH¢75,000 and would then be worth GH¢975,000. The remaining property, plant and equipment can be used to generate a net cashflow of GH¢300,000 each year for the foreseeable future.

ii) The worth of the Investment Property is difficult to value, as there is no active market. A normal sale in the present condition could be reasonably expected to yield GH¢600,000 based on an analysis of transactions in similar assets.

iii) The trademark represents a license to produce and sell a special product which is expected to generate an after-tax profit of GH¢1,500,000 over the next four years. The expected after-tax profit projection was made without the consideration of amortisation of the book value of the trademark over the same period.

iv) The discounted present value of future cash payments in respect of long-term loan is GH¢975,000. The discount rate of Meddy Ltd is 25% per annum but the financial controller asserts that beta of the company is 1.5. The Treasury bill rate and the return on the market are estimated to be 16% and 23% respectively.

v) Dividend payments of Meddy Ltd in 2022 was GH¢112,500. The dividend growth achieved in 2023 is expected to be sustained in the foreseeable future.

Required: Advise the directors of Meddy Ltd on the value to be placed on the ordinary shares using:

  • Net Assets Method
  • Constant Dividend Method
  • Dividend Growth Method
  • Earning based (P/E) Method

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  • 12 Marks

CR – Aug 2022 – L3 – Q4b – Business Valuation

This question requires computing the valuation of Tinto Ltd using three different methods: the net assets method, the price-earnings ratio method, and the dividend growth method.

Tinto Ltd produces handicrafts for both local and foreign markets. The company was incorporated several years ago. The shareholders of Tinto Ltd would now like to realize their investment. In order to arrive at an estimate of what they believe the business is worth, they have identified a long-established quoted company, Dingo Ltd, which has a similar business but produces for the European market only.

Summarized financial statistics for the two companies for the most recent financial year are as follows:

Tinto Ltd Dingo Ltd
Issued shares (million) 8 20
Net assets value (GH¢ ’million) 14.4 30
Earnings per share (GH¢) 0.35 0.28
Dividend per share (GH¢) 0.20 0.24
Debt: Equity ratio 1:7 1:6.5
Share price (as quoted on the stock market) – GH¢ – 1.60
Expected rate of growth in earnings/dividends 5% 5%

Additional Information:

  1. The net assets of Tinto Ltd are the net book values of tangible non-current assets, including working capital. However:
    • A recent valuation of the buildings was GH¢1,500,000 above book value.
    • An investment held, which is designated as Equity Financial Asset at Fair Value through Profit or Loss with a carrying value of GH¢1,000,000, is fair valued at GH¢1,100,000.
    • Due to a dispute with one of their clients, an additional allowance for bad debts of GH¢750,000 could prudently be made.
    • An item of plant with a carrying value of GH¢800,000 is assessed to have a value-in-use of GH¢760,000 and fair value less cost to sell of GH¢780,000.
  2. Growth rate should be assumed to be constant per annum. Tinto Ltd’s earnings growth rate estimate was provided by the marketing manager, based on expected growth in sales adjusted by normal profit margins. Dingo Ltd’s growth rates are gleaned from press reports.
  3. The dividend yield of Dingo Ltd approximates its cost of equity.

Required:

Compute a range of valuations for the business of Tinto Ltd, using the information available and stating any assumptions made. Use the following methods for the valuation:

i) Net assets method (5 marks)
ii) Price-earnings method (3 marks)
iii) Dividend growth method (4 marks)

(Note: Ignore tax implications.)

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  • 3 Marks

CR – Aug 2022 – L3 – Q4a – Business Valuation

This question requires identifying three factors that influence the value of the Price-Earnings (P/E) ratio in business valuation.

When acquiring an unquoted company in a takeover bid, the final price will be agreed by negotiation. However, the crucial role of the price-earnings ratio in arriving at the final price cannot be overemphasized.

Required:
State THREE (3) factors that are likely to influence the value of the price-earnings ratio.

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  • 12 Marks

CR – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q3b – Business Valuation

Estimate the value per share of Agos Limited using net assets, dividend valuation, and P/E ratio methods.

Santader Limited intends to take over Agos Limited. The financial statements of Agos Limited for the year ended 30 June 2016 are as follows:

Here are the tables from Question 3b exactly as they appear in the attachment:

Agos Limited – Income Statement for the year ended 30 June, 2016

Description Amount (GH¢)
Profit before tax 450,000
Tax (125,000)
Profit after tax 325,000

Agos Limited – Statement of Retained Earnings for the year ended 30 June 2016

Description Amount (GH¢)
Balance at beginning 250,000
Profit after tax 325,000
Dividend paid (180,000)
Balance at end 395,000

Additional Information
Turnover, profits before tax, and dividends of Agos Limited over the past 5 years:

Year Ending 30 June Sales (GH¢) Pre-tax Profits (GH¢) Dividend (GH¢)
2012 5,800,000 250,000 65,000
2013 6,900,000 320,000 80,000
2014 7,700,000 330,000 100,000
2015 8,500,000 410,000 120,000
2016 9,800,000 450,000 180,000
  1. The patent represents a license to produce and sell a special product. This product is expected to generate a pre-tax profit of GH¢12,000 per annum in perpetuity.
  2. The discount rate of Agos Limited is 10% per annum.
  3. Nhyira Limited, a major competitor of Agos Limited, is listed on the Stock Exchange and has a P/E ratio of 8 and a dividend yield of 10%.
  4. Nhyira Limited expects a return of 11% of the net assets.

Required:
Estimate the value per share of Agos Limited as at 30 June, 2016 using the following methods:
i) Net Assets
ii) Dividend Valuation
iii) Price/earning ratio

 

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  • 15 Marks

CR – July 2024 – L3 – Q4a – Business Valuation

Determine a range of values for Alomo's equity in Bediako Metals Ltd using three valuation bases: Net assets, Earnings, and Dividend yield.

Question:

Alomo Investments and Financial Services (Alomo) is a locally based investment portfolio firm which holds several financial assets across different industries in Ghana. Alomo holds some equity assets in Bediako Metals Ltd (Bediako). Currently, Alomo is preparing its financial statements and would like to know the fair value of its current year-end 20% equity holdings in Bediako based on the latter’s recently available financial data (for the year ended 31 December 2021) provided below:

Items GH¢ million
Tangible assets 895
Non-current financial assets 150
Current assets 485
Total liabilities (including all redeemable preference share capital) 750
Irredeemable preference share capital 100
Draft profit after tax 170

Additional information:

  1. At year-end, the entity had to make a downward revision of decommissioning provision relating to one of its plants as both the expected cash outflows and the current-market rate discount rate were reassessed. Reduction of GH¢40 million (appropriately discounted) has been used to revise the liability and same credited to profit or loss.
  2. Bediako holds some 3-year bonds which are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. Coupon and effective interest rates, which are the same, have been correctly dealt with. The carrying value of these bonds is GH¢92 million, and the bonds are yet to be revised to reflect their year-end fair value. For the purpose of obtaining the appropriate fair value in line with IFRS 13: Fair value measurement, the following information has been obtained:
Reference to most advantageous market GH¢ million
Quoted market prices 120
Quoted market prices (with minor adjustment) 85
Based on own model 140
  1. The directors of Bediako Ltd have refused to agree with their external auditors to a reduction in the year-end inventory value for the firm’s main product. As a result, the auditors have issued a qualified opinion on the financial statements. The items in question are being included in current assets at the cost of GH¢200 million. The auditors noted during their subsequent event procedures that 90% of these items had been sold for 95% of their cost.
  2. The directors also failed to cooperate with the Finance Director (FD) over how the issued 5-year bonds should be accounted for. The FD’s position is that, though the firm has clear intention to pay all interests and principal on the bonds to the bondholders, such treatment would result in a very huge measurement mismatch. Hence, the fair value option should be taken. Taking that option would have created a fair value gain on the bond by GH¢12 million (including a credit-worthiness element of GH¢5 million).
  3. On 30 June 2021, Bediako Ltd made an issue of 30 million new ordinary shares to a venture capital firm to raise GH¢120 million. Later, on 1 November 2021, the entity also made a capitalisation issue on the basis of one new share for every four shares held at that time. Bediako has correctly accounted for these issues in its financial statements. Its total number of ordinary shares outstanding as at 31 December 2021 was 200 million.
  4. Ordinary dividends for the current period, when compared to the draft profit attributable to ordinary shareholders, translate into a dividend cover of 5:1. The following details relate to preference dividends paid by Bediako during the current year:
Class of shares Type of dividend GH¢ million
Irredeemable preference shares (non-cumulative) Final 10
Redeemable preference shares (non-cumulative) Final 15

Bediako has correctly accounted for these dividends.

  1. A comparable listed firm provides a price/earnings ratio of 12 and dividend yield of 4%. A risk factor of 20% should be assumed.

Required:
Determine a range of values for Alomo’s equity investment in Bediako using the following bases:
i) Net assets basis
ii) Earnings basis
iii) Dividend yield basis

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Dec 2022 – L3 – Q4a – Business Valuation

Valuation of Kudus Ltd using Net Asset, Price/Earnings, and Dividend Yield methods for acquisition purposes.

Kudus Ltd (Kudus) is an unlisted agro-processing company which operates locally within the Middle Belt. Amartey Mutual Funds Ltd has identified Kudus as a target firm and would like to estimate its worth for the purpose of acquisition.

The following financial summaries relate to Kudus as at 31 March 2022:

Description GH¢ million
Non-current assets 150
Current assets 145
Ordinary shares (@ GH¢1.5) 30
20% Preference shares 10
Non-current liabilities 50
Current liabilities 110
Profit after tax (Draft) 38

Number of authorised ordinary shares: 30 million

Additional information:

  1. Kudus has the following ordinary dividends:
Description GH¢ million
Announced on 15 March 2021 but declared on 10 April 2021 2.5
Declared on 30 June 2021 but paid on 31 July 2021 1.5
Announced on 25 March 2022 but declared on 5 April 2022 2

Kudus has correctly accounted for ordinary dividends in the financial statements.

  1. The preference shares are irredeemable.
  2. Due diligence was carried out on Kudus as at 12 April 2022 and the following were identified which may necessitate the revision of the draft profit:
    • Non-current assets include Kudus’s office building with a carrying value of GH¢95 million. The building is estimated to have a fair value of GH¢160 million if used for rental purposes, and GH¢180 million if used for industrial purposes. The rental value is before considering substantial rework required to be carried out on the property. The location of the property currently makes it legally impermissible to use it for industrial activities. The market value of the building in its current use is estimated at GH¢120 million. A plant with a carrying value of GH¢10 million is not in usable condition but could be scrapped for GH¢2 million. The value of the remaining plant and equipment has not changed.
    • Non-current assets of Kudus include a four-year secured debenture carried at its year-end amortised cost. No allowance was made for credit losses against this investment as the directors believed that the investment was exposed to only minimal risk of default. At year-end, allowance based on lifetime expected credit loss was estimated at GH¢1.8 million while allowance for next-12 months’ expected credit loss was assessed at GH¢1 million.
    • The current assets include an amount due from a customer totalling GH¢20 million which has been outstanding for the last two years due to a dispute with the customer. No provision was made in relation to this. The auditors have qualified the audit report to this effect. With several follow-up activities, the customer as at 31 March 2022 has agreed to pay GH¢8 million at 31 March 2023 and GH¢4 million at 31 March 2024. However, Kudus has decided to file a case against the customer to recover the entire amount due by 31 March 2025.
    • Non-current liability represents three-year 5% GH¢50 million loan notes issued on 1 April 2021 at nominal value when their effective interest rate was 7% because of a large premium at redemption. Kudus has taken the “fair value option” for these notes. At 31 March 2022, fair value of the notes based on a widely used valuation model is GH¢47 million and based on inputs drawn from a vibrant market is GH¢49 million. No fair value change is attributable to Kudus’s own credit risk. Coupon has been paid and charged to income statement.
  3. The following details relate to Bukari Plc, a listed firm which operates in the same sector as Kudus:
Indicators Ratio
Dividend cover 4
Yield on earnings 12.5%
Annual sales growth (over last 5 years) 18%
Annual earnings growth (over last 5 years) 17%
  1. Assume discount rate of 10% and unlisted firm risk factor of 20%.

Required:

Determine a range of values for each ordinary share of Kudus using:

i) Net Assets basis.
(6 marks)

ii) Price/Earnings basis.
(5 marks)

iii) Dividend Yield basis.
(4 marks)

(Note: Ignore tax implications)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2021 – L2 – Q2 – Business Valuations

This question covers distinctions between price and value, the subjectivity of valuation, and the valuation of a printing segment using DCF and asset-based methods.

Kwaafi and Sons Ltd operates a newspaper business. The business has various segments, namely: traditional media, online news, events, and printing. The company’s new strategy is to concentrate on online news, outsource its printing services, and discontinue the printing segment.

The printing segment is one of the company’s cash cows, generating 30% of its revenue of GH¢28,000,000 annually. The company aims to take advantage of the Continental Free Trade Agreement to serve other African countries.

Before deciding to concentrate on online news, the company undertook an extensive retooling of its printing segment. The Finance Director has produced the following information:

i) A new coloured printer was purchased to replace a 15-year-old printer, which was purchased for GH¢3,000,000 and is now obsolete but can be sold as scrap for GH¢15,000.

ii) The new coloured printer was purchased two years ago at GH¢8,000,000 and has a useful life of six years.

iii) A contract has been signed for the servicing of the equipment at a retainer fee of GH¢755,250 per annum over the life of the equipment.

iv) The stock of toners and rollers for the old printer worth GH¢280,000 is obsolete at no cost.

v) Replacement parts for the new equipment, which are enough for the useful life of the equipment is valued at GH¢300,000.

vi) Special carbonated toners for the old printer costing GH¢230,000 is unusable and has to be disposed of at a residual value of GH¢13,000 as soon as possible.

vii) Eighteen (18) rolls of printing sheets and twenty-five (25) boxes of metal plates are valued at GH¢240,000 and GH¢420,000, respectively. These need replacement every year at similar costs.

viii) Annual rent and rates of GH¢800,000, payable at the end of each year, increase by 10% every 2 years.

ix) Other operating expenses of GH¢3,200,000, payable at the end of the year, increases at 10% annually until year 3.

x) It is estimated that the printing segment will now generate 10% more revenue per annum for the New Printer’s remaining life. Depreciation is based on the straight-line method.

xi) For valuation purposes, an expected rate of return of 30% has been agreed upon among the parties. Ignore taxation and inflation.

Following the announcement to discontinue the printing segment, the senior staff of the segment proposed to raise funds to buy the assets of the segment. They obtained invoices of similar assets and used the prices to make an offer to the Board of Directors.

The Finance Director disagreed and suggested that an expert valuer value the assets of the company and its operations. The senior staff have objected to the valuation proposals arguing that valuations are subjective and may not reflect the accurate value of the assets to be disposed off by the company.

Required:

a) Distinguish between market price and value in the context of business valuation. (3 marks)

b) Explain why a valuation process is described as subjective. (2 marks)

c) Calculate the value of the printing segment using the discounted cash flow method. (12 marks)

d) Calculate the value of the printing segment using the assets-based method. (3 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q2 – Business valuations

Estimate the value of equity capital using different valuation methods: Book value, Replacement cost, Realizable value, Gordon growth model, and P/E ratio model.

The directors of Carmen Ltd, a large conglomerate, are considering the acquisition of the entire share capital of Manon Ltd, a private limited company that manufactures a range of engineering machinery. Neither company has any long-term debt capital. The directors of Carmen Ltd believe that if Manon Ltd is taken over, the business risk of Carmen Ltd will not be affected.

The accounting year of Manon Ltd ends on 31 December. Its Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2018 is expected to be as follows:

Manon Ltd’s summarized statement of profit or loss extract for the five years to 31 December 2018 is as follows:

The following additional information is available:

i) There have been no changes in the issued share capital of Manon Ltd during the past five years.
ii) The estimated values of Manon Ltd’s PPE and inventory and work-in-progress as at 31 December 2018 are:

Replacement cost (GH¢) Realizable value (GH¢)
PPE 725,000 450,000
Inventory and work-in-progress 550,000 570,000

iii) It is expected that 2% of Manon’s debtors at 31 December 2018 will be uncollectible.
iv) The cost of capital of Carmen Ltd is 9%. The directors of Manon Ltd estimate that the shareholders of Manon Ltd require a minimum return of 12% per annum from their investment in the company.
v) The current P/E ratio of Carmen Ltd is 12. Quoted companies with business activities and profitability similar to those of Manon Ltd have P/E ratios of approximately 10, although these companies tend to be much larger than that of Manon Ltd.

Required:

Estimate the value of the total equity capital of Manon Ltd as at 31 December 2018 using each of the following bases:

a) Book value (2 marks)
b) Replacement cost (4 marks)
c) Realizable value (4 marks)
d) The Gordon dividend growth model (5 marks)
e) The P/E ratio model (5 marks)

 

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  • 20 Marks

FM – DEC 2023 – L2 – Q2 – Business valuations | Mergers and acquisitions

Business valuation techniques applied to a 70% acquisition using P/E ratio, balance sheet valuation, and discounted cash flow.

a) Panpana Ltd is in advanced negotiation with shareholders of Zanu Ltd to acquire 70% shares in that company. The following financial information is provided for Zanu Ltd:

  • Number of ordinary shares = 20 million
  • Net assets per share = GH¢8
  • Earning per share = GH¢15
  • Price Earnings ratio (P/E) = 10

The Finance Director who performed a due diligence review recommended the following:

  1. Fixed assets included in the net assets were overstated by GH¢6 million
  2. A key customer who owes GH¢4 million has gone bankrupt and debt considered irrecoverable
  3. A provision of GH¢10 million is made for a tax liability
  4. Panpana Ltd cost of capital is 16% and risk premium of 4% is added in the valuation of Zanu Ltd to take care of additional operational risk.
  5. The Finance manager provided a statement showing projected cash inflows for the next 5 years as follows:
Year Cash flow (GH¢ million)
1 125
2 60
3 150
4 200
5 110

Required:
Advise shareholders of Panpana Ltd on how much to pay for 70% of the shares of Zanu Ltd using the following valuation methods:
i) Price Earning (P/E) ratio. (4 marks)
ii) Balance sheet valuation basis. (5 marks)
iii) Cash flow valuation. (5 marks)

b) Explain THREE (3) reasons business valuation is undertaken in the corporate environment. (6 marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – MAY 2017 – L2 – Q5 – Business valuations

Calculate the value of FCH Bank Ltd. using net asset value, dividend growth model, and earnings yield method, and analyze Kantamanso Ltd's financial ratios.

a) Recent financial information of FCH Bank Ltd., a listed company, is as follows:

Financial analysts have forecasted that the dividends of FCH Bank Ltd. will grow in the future at a rate of 4% per year. This is slightly less than the forecast growth rate of the profit after tax (earnings) of the company, which is 5% per year. The finance director of FCH Bank Ltd. thinks that, considering the risk associated with expected earnings growth, an earnings yield of 11% per year can be used for valuation purposes. FCH Bank Ltd. has a cost of equity of 10% per year and a before-tax cost of debt of 7% per year. The 8% bonds will be redeemed at nominal value in six years’ time. FCH Bank Ltd. pays tax at an annual rate of 30% per year and the ex-dividend share price of the company is GH¢8.50 per share.

Required:
Calculate the value of FCH Bank Ltd. using the following methods:
i) Net asset value method;
ii) Dividend growth model;
iii) Earnings yield method.
(9 marks)

b) Kantamanso Ltd, which operates in the Distribution sector in Ghana, has provided the following information for the year ended 31 December 2015:

No of Shares Market Value (GH¢)
10% cum preference shares 18,000
Ordinary Shares 15,000

The proposed dividend for the year is GH¢0.3 for the preference shares and GH¢0.45 for ordinary shares each. The company’s chargeable profit was GH¢40,000 and the profit before taxation was GH¢38,000. The tax rate is 25% for both the company and the individual.

Financial Data GH¢m
Profit after tax (earnings) 66.6
Dividends 40.0
Statement of financial position information
Non-current assets 595
Current assets 125
Total assets 720
Current liabilities 70
Equity
Ordinary share (GH¢1 nominal) 80
Reserves 410
Non-current liabilities
6% Bank loan 40
8% Bonds (GH¢100 nominal) 120
Total liabilities 160

Required:
Calculate in respect of ordinary shares:
i) Dividend cover
ii) Earnings per share
iii) Price/earnings ratio
(6 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2020 – L2 – Q2 – Business valuations | Mergers and acquisitions

Value Staygood Ltd using the Price/Earnings ratio, Gordon growth model, and Discounted cash flow methods for a potential takeover by Restwell Ltd.

Restwell Ltd (Restwell), a hotel and leisure company, is currently considering taking over a smaller private limited liability company, Staygood Ltd (Staygood). The board of Restwell is in the process of making a bid for Staygood but first needs to place a value on the company. Restwell has gathered the following data:

Restwell:

  • Weighted average cost of capital: 12%
  • P/E ratio: 12
  • Shareholders’ required rate of return: 15%

Staygood:

  • Current dividend payment (GH¢): 0.27
  • Past five years’ dividend payments (GH¢): 0.15, 0.17, 0.18, 0.21, 0.23
  • Current EPS: 0.37
  • Number of ordinary shares issued: 5 million

The required rate of return of the shareholders of Staygood is 20% higher than that of Restwell due to the higher level of risk associated with Staygood. Restwell estimates that cash flows at the end of the first year will be GH¢2.5 million and these will grow at an annual rate of 5%. Restwell also expects to raise GH¢5 million in two years’ time by selling off hotels of Staygood that are surplus to its needs.

Required:

Estimate values for Staygood using the following valuation methods:

i) Price/earnings ratio valuation. (6 marks)

ii) Gordon growth model. (8 marks)

iii) Discounted cash flow valuation. (6 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – MAY 2016 – L2 – Q3 – Business valuations

Discuss fiscal and monetary policies, adverse effects of contractionary fiscal policy, and valuation of Papa’s Skin Ltd.

a) Governments take certain measures with a view to influencing aggregate demand in their economy.
Required:
i) Distinguish between fiscal policy and monetary policy. (2 marks)
ii) Explain TWO adverse effects a contractionary fiscal policy could have on businesses. (4 marks)

b) Papa’s Skin Ltd is an Accra-based clothing company owned and managed by its two founders. The company has been selling to only domestic consumers in Ghana since inception. The founders think it is time to extend the operations of the company to foreign markets, particularly those in neighbouring West African countries. Moving into foreign markets requires additional financing and capabilities, which the company does not have. The owners have agreed on ceding 40% stake in their company to a strategic investor who would provide the additional financing and capabilities needed to compete successfully in the international business environment. However, they are not sure of what range of prices to accept for the shares they would give up.

Below is a summary of financial data for Papa’s Skin Ltd for the recent financial year:

  • Issued shares: 2 million
  • After-tax profit: GH¢9,600,000
  • Total dividends: GH¢1,920,000
  • Property, plant and equipment: GH¢50,500,000
  • Current assets: GH¢25,300,000
  • Long-term borrowings: GH¢9,100,000
  • Current liabilities: GH¢11,100,000

The following information is relevant to the position and value of Papa’s Skin Ltd:

  1. The assets of Papa’s Skin Ltd were valued just after the recent financial statements were published. Inventories and trade receivables, which are included in current assets, were written down by GH¢80,000 and GH¢95,000 respectively. Property, plant and equipment were valued at GH¢52,400,000.
  2. Papa’s Skin Ltd falls into the fabrics and clothing industry. The average P/E ratio for listed equity stocks in the industry is 10. The average required return on listed equity stocks in the industry is 16%.
  3. Marketability of shares in Papa’s Skin Ltd is limited as its equity stock is not listed on the stock exchange. Consequently, investors demand a marketability risk premium of 7% above the industry average required return on equity in order to invest in the equity stock of Papa’s Skin Ltd.
  4. Earnings and dividends of Papa’s Skin Ltd are expected to grow by 5% every year to perpetuity.

Required:
i) Estimate an appropriate required rate of return on the equity stock of Papa’s Skin Ltd. (2 marks)
ii) Estimate a range of suitable considerations for a 40% stake in Papa’s Skin Ltd using the net assets method, P/E ratio method, and dividend valuation method. (12 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q2 – Business valuations | Mergers and acquisitions

Evaluate the potential acquisition of Akwaaba Films by Lekker Inc, including valuation, cost of equity, and reasons for potential merger failures.

Lekker Inc (Lekker) is a film company located in South Africa. The company is planning to expand into other African countries. The research department of Lekker recommends Ghana as a good location for establishing a subsidiary due to its abundant talent and political stability. However, the company is unsure whether to establish a completely new subsidiary or acquire an existing film company in Ghana. You have been engaged as a consultant to guide Lekker in taking this decision.

Your preliminary assessment revealed the following:

i) You have identified a Ghanaian filmmaker who owns a fast-growing film company called Akwaaba Films (Akwaaba). You observed that the Ghanaian filmmaker is likely to sell Akwaaba if Lekker could pay GH¢450,000 as purchase consideration. Akwaaba is entirely self-financed, with the owner receiving all profits as dividends. You forecast that Akwaaba’s profit after tax will grow at a rate of 6% per year for the first two years, 4% per year for the next two years, and thereafter, grow at a constant rate of 2% per year in perpetuity. The financial information extracted from Akwaaba shows the following:

Description GH¢
Revenue 250,000
Operating Cost (140,000)
Administrative cost (30,000)
Profit before tax 80,000
Tax @ 25% (20,000)
Profit after tax 60,000

ii) If Lekker decides to set up the subsidiary in Ghana by itself with the same GH¢450,000 purchase consideration for Akwaaba, its after-tax cash flows will be as follows:

Year Cash Flow (GH¢)
Year 1 15,000
Year 2 26,000
Year 3 35,000
Year 4 33,000

The overall Price/Earnings (P/E) ratio for the film industry in Ghana is 15 times. The average cash flow risk for unquoted companies in Ghana is 20%. Lekker does not intend to list on the Ghana Stock Exchange.

iii) Lekker’s cost of capital is 16%.

Required:
a) Enumerate THREE (3) advantages of expansion through acquisition over organic expansion to the owners of Lekker. (6 marks)
b) Compute the value of Akwaaba using the dividend valuation method and advise Lekker whether it should acquire Akwaaba at the purchase consideration of GH¢450,000. (8 marks)
c) Using the P/E ratio method, estimate the expected value of Lekker’s subsidiary in Ghana without the acquisition. (4 marks)
d) State TWO (2) reasons mergers and acquisitions may fail to achieve the expected outcomes. (2 marks)

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