Topic: Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q6 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Evaluate IFRS solutions to accounting challenges, commercial pressures, and accounting techniques under such pressures.

Directors of companies are expected to issue financial statements that present fairly the financial position, financial performance, and cashflows of their entities. Hence, financial statements are supposed to be a faithful representation of the effects of transactions and other events in accordance with the definition and recognition criteria for assets, liabilities, income, and expenses set out in IFRS. However, a fair presentation can encompass a range of different figures because alternative accounting policies can produce different results. Also, the application of accounting policies in accordance with IAS 8 is often based on estimates and judgments. Valuations and estimations are key factors in drafting financial information. Regulatory frameworks, both local and global, asserted conscious efforts to address some of these problems. However, the strength of a regulatory framework may be undermined by commercial pressures on those responsible for preparing financial statements.

Required:

a. Evaluate the ways in which IFRS has tried to alleviate the problems illustrated above.
(5 Marks)

b. Discuss FIVE likely commercial pressures on preparers of financial statements.
(5 Marks)

c. Examine TWO techniques employed by accountants to produce desired accounting results when faced with such pressures.

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q4 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explain IFRS accounting treatment and ethical issues in Enugun Industries Ltd.’s draft financial statements for the year ended Dec 31, 2014.

Enugun Industries Limited
Atikun has recently been appointed as Financial Controller to Enugun Industries Limited. Until a month ago, Enugun Industries had a Finance Director, who resigned suddenly, due to ill health. Since Atikun joined the company, he has learned that his resignation was related to stress caused by a series of disagreements with the Managing Director about the performance of the business. The directors have not yet appointed a replacement.

It is now March 2015, and you have been asked to finalize the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2014. The draft statement of profit or loss extract and statement of financial position are shown below:

Draft statement of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2014:

Profit before tax ₦’000
2,500

Draft statement of financial position as of December 31, 2014:

Item Amount (₦’000)
Property, plant, and equipment 12,000
Current assets 3,500
Total assets 15,500
Share capital 2,000
Retained earnings 6,000
Equity 8,000
Non-current liabilities 5,000
Current liabilities 2,500
Total equity and liabilities 15,500

During the year ended December 31, 2014, Enugun Industries entered into the following transactions:

  1. Just before the year-end, Enugun Industries signed a contract to deliver consultancy services for a period of 2 years at a fee of ₦500,000 per annum. The full amount of this fee has been paid in advance and is non-refundable.
  2. Enugun Industries has constructed a new factory. The construction has been financed from the pool of existing borrowings. Land at a cost of ₦1.8 million was acquired on February 1, 2014, and construction began on June 1, 2014. Construction was completed on September 30, 2014, at an additional cost of ₦2.7 million. Although the factory was usable from that date, full production did not commence until December 1, 2014. Throughout the year, the company’s average borrowings were as follows:
    Borrowing Type Amount (₦) Annual Interest Rate (%)
    Bank overdraft 1,000,000 9.75
    Bank loan 1,750,000 10
    Loan notes 2,500,000 8

    An amount of ₦450,000 has been included in property, plant, and equipment in respect of borrowing costs relating to the construction of the factory. The useful life of the factory has been estimated at 20 years. No depreciation has been charged for the year. The reason for this is that the factory has only been in use for one month and that the depreciation charge would be immaterial.

  3. A blast furnace with a carrying amount at January 1, 2014, of ₦3.5 million has been depreciated in the draft financial statements based on a remaining life of 20 years. In December 2014, the directors carried out a review of the useful lives of various significant items of plant and machinery, including the blast furnace. They concluded that the furnace’s useful life was 20 years as of December 31, 2014. The reasoning behind this judgment was that the lining of the furnace had been replaced in the last week of December 2014 at a cost of ₦1.4 million. Provided that the lining is replaced every five years, the life of the furnace can be extended accordingly. You have found a report commissioned by the previous Finance Director and prepared by a firm of asset valuation specialists, which assesses the remaining useful life of the main structure of the furnace as 15 years at January 1, 2014, and the lining of the furnace as 5 years. You have also found evidence that the Managing Director has seen this report.

Atikun has had a conversation with the Managing Director, who told him, “We need to make the figures look as good as possible, so I hope you’re not going to start being difficult. The consultancy fee is non-refundable, so there’s no reason why we can’t include it in full. I think we should look at our depreciation policies. We’re writing off our assets over far too short a period. As you know, we’re planning to go for a stock market listing in the near future, and being prudent and playing safe won’t help us do that. It won’t help your future with this company either.”

Required:

  1. Explain the required IFRS accounting treatment of these issues, preparing relevant calculations where appropriate.
    (16 Marks)
  2. Discuss the ethical issues arising from your review of the draft financial statements and the actions that you should consider.
    (4 Marks)

Total: 20 Marks

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q3 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Evaluate Funda Plc's accounting policies for specific transactions, recommending adjustments as per IFRS where appropriate.

Funda Plc. is a listed utility service company in Nigeria providing water, electricity, and cable services. The directors prepared draft financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2017, following IFRS guidelines to support a loan application. Employees, owning 5% of ordinary shares, raised concerns about certain accounting policies applied by Funda Plc.

The draft income statement for the year ended June 30, 2017, is as follows:

N’m
Revenue 410.0
Cost of Sales (275.0)
Gross Profit 135.0
Other Operating Costs (65.0)
Profit Before Taxation 70.0

Employee Representatives’ Queries on Accounting Policies:

  1. Sale of Water Filters
    Funda Plc. sold 30 industrial water filters to a steelmaker, offering a 20% discount and granting the steelmaker a put option to repurchase the filters at 35% of the purchase price after six years, despite the filters’ expected ten-year life. Funda Plc. has recognized the entire revenue upfront.
  2. Connection Fees
    A refundable connection fee is charged for electricity connections, to be returned upon customer disconnection. No minimum notice is required, and costs can be deducted from refunds. The fee was fully recognized in the year as revenue.
  3. Activation Fees
    Non-refundable activation fees for digital cable services were fully recognized in revenue.
  4. Deposits for Domestic Electrical Goods
    Customers place a 25% deposit on orders, with the balance payable on delivery. Deposits are retained if orders are canceled but refunded if Funda Plc. fails to deliver. Revenue includes N10 million from deposits, with 90% of orders fulfilled.

Required:
Prepare a report explaining the suitability of Funda Plc.’s accounting policies for each transaction and recommend the appropriate IFRS treatment where necessary.

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  • 9 Marks

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q5b – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Assess the validity of the assistant accountant's suggestion on extending plant life for depreciation and illustrate its impact on the financial statements.

The directors of Oluwaseun Plc are disappointed by the draft profit for the year ended September 30, 2015. One of your staff, who is an assistant accountant, has suggested one area where he believes the reported profit may be improved, if it is acceptable to the company’s management.

Included in the financial statement of Oluwaseun Plc is an item of plant which had cost N80 million to purchase and install three years ago on October 1, 2012. It is the policy of Oluwaseun Plc to depreciate this plant on a straight-line basis over a five-year period, assuming nil residual value.

The depreciation of the plant has progressed as envisaged, but at the start of the current year (October 1, 2014), the production manager estimated that the plant was likely to last eight years in total from the date of its purchase as against the original five-year period upon which current depreciation is based.

The assistant accountant has calculated that, based on an eight-year life (with no residual value), the accumulated depreciation of the plant at September 30, 2015, would be N30 million (N80 million/8 years × 3). In the financial statements for the year ended September 30, 2014, the accumulated depreciation was N32 million (N80 million/5 years × 2). Therefore, by adopting an eight-year life, Oluwaseun can avoid making a depreciation charge in the current year and instead credit N2 million (N32 million – N30 million) from the accumulated depreciation account to the income statement in the current year to improve the reported profit.

Required:

i. Comment on the acceptability of the assistant accountant’s suggestions. (6 Marks)
ii. Illustrate how the suggestions will affect the financial statements of Oluwaseun Plc based on the correct application of the relevant IFRS. (9 Marks)

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  • 6 Marks

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q5a – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explain the basis of selecting accounting policies and distinguish between changes in accounting policies and estimates with examples.

As one of the accountants of Oluwaseun Plc, a company that has migrated to IFRS, you are aware that IAS 8 “Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors” contains guidance on the use of accounting policies and accounting estimates.

Required:

Explain the basis on which the management of an entity, such as Oluwaseun Plc, must select its accounting policies, and distinguish, with an example, between changes in accounting policies and changes in accounting estimates.

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  • 20 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q4 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explains temporary differences, components of tax expense, and deferred tax calculations for Buga Nigeria Limited.

a. Accounting for deferred tax is based on the identification of temporary differences.

Required:
Explain the term “Temporary difference” and discuss the TWO different types. (3 Marks)

b. State and briefly explain FIVE components of tax expense or income. (5 Marks)

c. Buga Nigeria Limited had an accounting profit before taxation of N196,800,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The following balances were extracted from the company’s books as at September 30, 2022.

Other information:

  1. Interest income is taxed while interest expense is allowable on a cash basis. There were no opening balances on interest receivable and interest payable.
  2. The trade receivables above are shown net of an allowance for doubtful balances of N16,750,000. This is the first year that such an allowance has been recognized. A deduction for debts is only allowed for tax purposes when the debtor is in the process of winding-up.
  3. The balances in respect of office equipment are after charging accounting depreciation of N28,250,000 and tax allowable depreciation of N22,500,000 respectively.
  4. The freehold property was purchased on October 1, 2021, for N263,000,000 and is being depreciated for accounting purposes on a 10% per annum basis. Buga Nigeria Limited is in a position to claim N94,600,000 as accelerated depreciation on cost as a taxable expense in this year’s tax computation.

Required:

i. Prepare a tax computation and calculate the current tax expense. (4 Marks)

ii. Calculate the deferred tax liability as at September 30, 2022. (6 Marks)

iii. Show the movement on the deferred tax account for the year ended September 30, 2022, given that the opening balance was N8,100,000. (2 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FR – May 2022 – L2 – SB – Q2 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explain accounting policies and estimates, and distinguish between changes in accounting policies and accounting estimates.

The aim of IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors is to enhance the comparability of an entity’s financial statements with previous periods and with the financial statements of other entities.

Required:
Explain the terms, “accounting policies” and “accounting estimates.” (3 Marks)

b. In an in-house training for newly recruited trainee accountants in your organization, a disagreement arose on the distinction between change in accounting policies and change in accounting estimates. Consequent upon the above, the finance director requested you as the head of the accounting department to make a presentation on the subject matter.

Required:
Write a memo addressed to the finance director distinguishing changes in accounting policies and changes in accounting estimates, highlighting also the accounting treatment of the changes in accounting estimates. (8 Marks)

c. An extract from the non-current assets register of Eze Nigeria Limited at July 1, 2019, shows the following details:

Additional information includes details of impairment, revaluation, depreciation, and amortization.

Required:
Prepare, with comparative figures, statement of financial position extracts of Eze Nigeria Limited as at June 30, 2020. Show relevant notes for PPE and intangible assets. (9 Marks)

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  • 12 Marks

FR – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q1c – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explain the factors required for selecting and applying accounting policies per IAS 8, and identify alternative policies for inventory and depreciation.

c. State the main factors that IAS 8 requires management of a company to consider in selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of any IFRS and identify the alternative accounting policies on the following items in the financial statements:

i. Inventories
ii. Depreciation

(12 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

FR – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q2d – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Required adjustments for Eko Transport Company’s overstated inventory, dividend error, and omitted share issue.

Eko Transport Company (ETC) Limited is preparing its financial statements for the year ended August 31, 2019. The draft statement of changes in equity is presented as follows:

 

Additional Information:

  1. On January 10, 2020, ETC Limited discovered that inventory was overstated by N105 million as at August 31, 2019, and by N90 million as at August 31, 2018.
  2. There was a transposition error in reporting dividend payments in the statement of changes in equity. The correct figure as at August 31, 2019, was N105 million.
  3. The company income tax rate is 30% in each year.
  4. On August 31, 2019, additional shares of 50,000,000 were issued at N1.25 per share. The par value of ETC Limited shares is N1.00 per share. This was inadvertently omitted in the record.

You are required to prepare:
i. Revised Comparative Income Statements after necessary adjustments for the years ended August 31, 2018, and 2019. (3 Marks)
ii. Adjusted Statement of Changes in Equity as at August 31, 2019. (5 Marks)
iii. The journal entries to correct the errors in (2) and (4) above. (2 Marks)

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  • 6 Marks

FR – Nov 2021 – L2 – Q3a – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Discuss the three bases of accounting on which transactions are recognized and measured.

There are three bases of accounting on which transactions are recognized and measured.

Required:
Discuss these three bases of accounting.

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  • 6 Marks

FR – May 2018 – L2 – Q5b -Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explain the differences between the accrual, cash, and break-up basis of accounting, with examples

Explain the differences between the accrual, cash, and break-up basis of accounting.

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