Subject: FINANCIAL REPORTING

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q7b – Presentation of Financial Statements (IAS 1)

Lists minimum line items for the statement of financial position and changes in equity as per IAS 1

IAS 1- Presentation of Financial Statements provides a list of line items that, as a minimum, must be shown on the face of the statement of financial position.

Required:

i. Give FIVE examples of minimum line items to be shown on the face of the statement of financial position. (5 Marks)
ii. State FIVE items that should be accounted for in the statement of changes in equity. (5 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q7a – Regulatory Framework for Financial Reporting

Discusses main sources of financial reporting regulations and reasons for regulatory practices.

Within the context of financial reporting and regulatory frameworks:

i. Discuss the main sources of regulations. (3 Marks)
ii. Discuss TWO reasons why financial reporting practice should be regulated. (2 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6c – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Discusses areas of financial reporting enhanced by technology, such as data collection, recording, and report distribution.

Discuss TWO areas of financial reporting that could be enhanced by the use of technology. (4 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6b – Ethical Issues in Financial Reporting

List three types of non-financial information useful to stakeholders for decision-making.

Businesses are increasingly accepting that they are not only accountable to investors and lenders, but also accountable to a much wider group of people or stakeholders to which non-financial information is useful in understanding and taking informed decisions on financial statements of the entities.

Required:
State THREE of such useful non-financial information. (3 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6a – Ethical Issues in Financial Reporting

Identify and discuss techniques for manipulating financial statements under ethical compliance.

The management of an entity experiencing a decline in profits or poor cash flows may use various forms of creative accounting techniques to manipulate the views shown by the financial statements while complying with all applicable accounting standards and regulations.

Required:
Identify and discuss FOUR techniques of creative accounting. (8 Marks)

 

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q5b – Accounting for Income Taxes (IAS 12)

Calculate Shakara Limited's income tax liability, deferred tax balance, and movement of deferred tax.

Shakara Limited was incorporated on January 1, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the company made a profit before taxation of N18,150,000.

The following capital expenditure were made during the year:

Expenditure N’000
Plant and machinery 7,200
Motor vehicles 1,800

The depreciation charged for the year amounted to N1,650,000, and capital allowance granted by the Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS) for the same period amounted to N2,250,000.

Company income tax rate is 30%, and deferred tax liability brought forward was N1,200,000.

Required:
i. Calculate the company income tax liability for the year ended December 31, 2022. (3 Marks)

ii. Calculate the deferred tax balance that should be disclosed in the statement of financial position of Shakara Limited as at December 31, 2022. (3 Marks)

iii. Prepare notes showing the movement of deferred tax charged to profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2022. (3 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q5a – Accounting for Income Taxes (IAS 12)

Define deferred tax, permanent differences, and temporary differences per IAS 12.

Explain the following terms in accordance with IAS 12 – Income tax.
i. Deferred tax
ii. Permanent differences
iii. Temporary differences

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q4a & b – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Discuss diluted EPS and calculate EPS measures for Ebonyi Limited.

IAS 33 requires publicly-traded companies to calculate a diluted Earning Per Share (EPS) in addition to their basic EPS for the current year (with a comparative diluted EPS for the previous year), allowing for the effect of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.

Required: a. Explain the purpose of the dilutive measures and discuss THREE types of dilution. (8 Marks)

b. The statement of financial position (extracts) for Ebonyi Limited for the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Equity and Liabilities N’000
Ordinary shares (N1 each) 12,000
Retained earnings 36,000
Equity 48,000
Non-current liabilities:
5% convertible loan notes 4,000

Additional information: i. As at December 31, 2022, there has been no new issue of shares or loan notes for several years.
ii. The loan notes are convertible into ordinary shares in year 2023 or year 2024 at the following rates.
iii. At 30 shares for every N100 of loan notes if converted at December 31, 2023.
iv. At 25 shares for every N100 of loan notes if converted at December 31, 2024.
v. Company income tax rate is 30% on profit.

Required: Calculate the basic EPS and diluted EPS for year 2022. (8 Marks)

c. IAS 33 allows an entity to disclose an alternative measure of EPS in addition to the EPS calculated.

Required: Identify and explain TWO conditions that are required in accordance with IAS 33 to be complied with where an alternative measure of EPS is shown in the financial statements of an entity. (4 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3b – Property, Plant, and Equipment (IAS 16)

Discuss financial implications of reclassifying investment property under cost and fair value models.

Young Shall Grow Limited with year-end December 31 purchased an office building, with a useful life of 50 years, for N55 million on January 1, 2013. The amount attributable to land was negligible. The company used the building as its head office until December 31, 2017, when the entity moved to a larger premises.

The building was reclassified as an investment property and leased out under a five-year lease. However, owing to a change in circumstances, Young Shall Grow Limited took possession of the building five years later, on December 31, 2022, to use it as its head office once more. At that date, the remaining useful life of the building was confirmed as 40 years.

The fair value of the building was as follows:

  • At December 31, 2017: N60 million
  • At December 31, 2022: N75 million

Required:

Discuss how the changes of use should be reflected in the financial statements of Young Shall Grow Limited:

  1. If the company uses the cost model for its investment properties.
  2. If the company uses the fair value model for its investment properties.

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FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3a – Property, Plant, and Equipment (IAS 16)

Explain reclassification criteria for transferring investment property to PPE.

a. If a property is transferred into or out of the category of property, plant and equipment (PPE), it might be reclassified as investment property or as no longer an investment property.

A transfer of investment property can only be made where there is a change of use of such property.

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FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q7a – Conceptual Framework Purposes

Short Summary: Summarize the six primary purposes of IASB's Conceptual Framework in international standards development.

Briefly explain SIX purposes of the Conceptual Framework of the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). (9 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q7b – Business Model Test

Explain the steps in applying the Business Model Test under IFRS 9.

b. Explain the basic steps in the application of the Business Model Test in IFRS 9. (6 Marks)

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q6b – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Analysis of qualitative characteristics application in specific financial reporting scenarios.

The following transactions and events took place in Jaye Investment Nigeria Limited during the year ended March 31, 2019.

(i) The company entered into a lease to rent an asset paying N150,000 a year for 5 years out of its useful economic life of 15 years. Assume a rate of interest implicit in the lease to be 10%. (6 Marks)

(ii) The company’s statement of profit or loss prepared using the historical cost method showed a loss from operating its hotels, but the company is aware that the increase in value of its properties during the year far outweigh the operating loss. (4 Marks)

(iii) A decision was made by Jaye Investment Nigeria Limited’s board of directors to change the company’s accounting policy from one of expensing the finance cost on building new retail outlets to one of capitalising such costs. (4 Marks)

Required:
Explain how you would treat the items in (i) to (iii) above in Jaye Investment Nigeria Limited’s financial statements and indicate on which of the qualitative characteristic framework your treatment is based.

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q6a – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Explanation of relevance, faithful representation, and comparability in financial reporting per IASB.

Explain what is meant by:
i. Relevance
ii. Faithful representation
iii. Comparability and how they make financial information useful.

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q5 – Performance Analysis

Analyze profitability, liquidity, and financial stability of Pepeyoyo Limited based on provided ratios.

You are the Chief Accountant of Jolmarg Nigeria Limited. Pepeyoyo Limited is a competitor in the same industry as Jolmarg and has been operating for the past 20 years.

The following is the result of Pepeyoyo Limited for the last three years ended December 31:

Ratios 2016 2017 2018
Gross profit margin (%) 34 34.4 35.4
ROCE (%) 21.1 21.5 17.8
Net profit margin (%) 11.9 12.4 11.4
Asset turnover (times) 1.78 1.73 1.56
Gearing ratio (%) 15.6 24.3 23.6
Debt ratio (%) 18.5 32.0 30.9
Interest cover (times) 16.7 8.1 5.5
Current ratio 3:1 2.8:1 2.7:1
Quick ratio 1.2:1 1.1:1 1.1:1
Receivable collection period (days) 46 52 64
Inventory turnover period (days) 158 171 182
Payable payment period (days) 35 42 46

Required:

a. Write a report to the finance director of Jolmarg Nigeria Limited analyzing the performance (profitability, liquidity, and long-term financial stability) of Pepeyoyo Limited based on the information available.
(10 Marks)

b. Identify FIVE areas which require further investigation, including references to other pieces of information which would complement your analysis of the performance of Pepeyoyo Limited.
(10 Marks)

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q4 – Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS 10)

Prepare consolidated statement of profit or loss and financial position for Bottle Nigeria Plc.

Bottle Nigeria Plc acquired 80% of Glass Limited’s equity share since its incorporation about 10 years ago.

The two companies’ draft financial statements as at December 31, 2019, are as follows:

Statements of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2019:

Bottle Nigeria Plc Glass Limited
Revenue N225,000 N45,000
Cost of Sales (N130,500) (N27,000)
Gross Profit N94,500 N18,000
Other Expenses (N76,500) (N14,400)
Profit Before Tax N18,000 N3,600
Income Tax Expense (N5,850) (N1,125)
Profit for the Year N12,150 N2,475

Statement of Financial Position as at December 31, 2019:

Bottle Nigeria Plc Glass Limited
Assets
Non-Current Assets:
Property, Plant & Equipment N86,400 N9,000
Investment in Glass Ltd N3,600
Total Non-Current Assets N90,000 N9,000
Current Assets
Inventories N22,500 N5,400
Trade Receivables N29,250 N1,800
Cash & Cash Equivalents N17,550 N1,575
Total Current Assets N69,300 N8,775
Total Assets N159,300 N17,775

Equity and Liabilities:

Bottle Nigeria Plc Glass Limited
Equity
Ordinary Share Capital N90,000 N4,500
Retained Earnings N22,500 N10,800
Total Equity N112,500 N15,300
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables N40,950 N1,350
Current Tax Liabilities N5,850 N1,125
Total Current Liabilities N46,800 N2,475
Total Equity and Liabilities N159,300 N17,775

Additional Information:

  1. On December 31, 2019, Bottle Nigeria Plc dispatched goods that cost N3,600,000 to Glass Limited at an invoice price of N4,500,000. Glass Limited received the goods on January 2, 2020, and recorded the transaction on that date.
  2. The group’s policy is to value the non-controlling interest at acquisition at its proportionate share of the fair value of the subsidiary’s identifiable net assets.

Required:

i. Prepare Bottle Group’s draft consolidated statement of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2019. (8 Marks)

ii. Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position as at December 31, 2019. (10 Marks)

iii. Explain the term “cash and cash equivalent” under IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows. (2 Marks)

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q3b – Impairment of Assets (IAS 36)

Prepare a statement of profit or loss for Wizkid Bottling Company Plc showing continuing and discontinued operations.

Wizkid Bottling Company Plc specializes in the production of alcoholic wine known as Blue Bull and a soft drink called “Wiz-Cola,” operating two divisions: Blue Bull and Wiz-Cola. Due to high labor costs and raw material shortages for wine production, the Blue Bull division has incurred significant operating losses. Management decided to close down the Blue Bull division and drew up a plan to discontinue its operations.

On February 1, 2019, the Board of Directors of Wizkid Bottling Company Plc approved and immediately announced the formal plan.

The following figures are available for the current and prior year ending March 31:

2019 2018
Blue Bull Wiz-Cola Blue Bull Wiz-Cola
Revenue 235,000 1,570,000 250,000 1,250,000
Cost of sales 175,000 505,000 200,000 450,000
Admin. expenses 35,000 311,000 25,000 255,000
Distribution costs 20,000 186,500 10,000 157,500
Other operating 15,000 124,500 10,000 102,500
expenditure
Taxation expense (3,000) 130,500 1,500 85,000

Additional Information:

  • Severance pay of N42.5 million was incurred between February 1, 2019, and March 31, 2019.
  • An evaluation of the recoverability of assets in the Blue Bull Division in terms of IAS 36 led to recognizing an impairment loss of N9.5 million, which is included in other operating expenses above.

Required:

i. Draft the statement of profit or loss for Wizkid Bottling Company Plc for the years ended March 31, 2019, and 2018, in compliance with IFRS 5, showing continuing and discontinuing operations.
(10 Marks)

ii. List additional disclosures required by IFRS 5 for the discontinued operations in the financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2019.
(3 Marks)

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q3a – Impairment of Assets (IAS 36)

Discuss conditions to classify non-current assets as held for sale under IFRS 5.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS 5) on Non-Current Assets held for Sale and Discontinued Operations specifies the accounting treatment for assets held for sale and disclosure of discontinued operations.

Required:
Discuss the conditions which must exist in order to classify a Non-Current Asset as being held for sale and explain the accounting treatments that apply when such classification is deemed appropriate.

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q2 – Impairment of Assets (IAS 36)

Analyze asset sale due to privatization, calculate impairment, and address valuation criteria per IAS 36.

As a result of privatisation and commercialisation exercise currently going on in the country, the Ministry of Transport sold the assets and liabilities of the newly constructed standard gauge railway to a private company known as Stalus Rail Limited (SRL) to ensure smooth operations of the railway services by freeing it from government bureaucracy.

The summarised extracts of the statement of financial position at fair value of SRL on January 1, 2019, reflecting the terms and conditions of the sales agreement of the Transport Ministry are as follows:

N’m Assets
Goodwill 150,000
Operating licence 900,000
Property – Train stations and land 225,000
Rail tracks and coaches 225,000
Two (2) train engines 750,000
Total Assets 2,250,000

Liabilities:

  • Sundry liabilities: Nil

The operating licence is for a ten-year period issued on January 1, 2019, by the Transport Ministry and is stated at cost. The carrying value of the property and rail track and coaches is based on value in use, while the engines are valued at their net selling prices.

On February 1, 2019, one of the train engines got damaged due to a technical fault from the manufacturer and was completely destroyed. The sale of the assets to SRL was without recourse to the Transport Ministry or the manufacturer of the engines.

In view of this, it was estimated that there would be reduced passenger capacity, and the estimated value in use of the whole train service business of SRL was assessed at N1,500 billion.

The number of passengers after one of the engines was damaged was below expectation, even allowing for the reduced capacity. Consequently, the value in use of SRL rail services was re-assessed on March 31, 2019, at N1,350 billion. On this date, SRL received an offer of N675 billion from Papaya Railway Services Limited (PRSL) for the operating licence (since it is transferable). The realisable value of the other assets has not changed significantly.

Required:

a. Draft a memo addressed to the MD of Stalus Rail Limited (SRL) explaining the basis of allocating an impairment loss to the assets of a cash-generating unit in accordance with IAS 36 on impairment of assets.
(6 Marks)

b. Calculate the carrying amount of the assets of SRL Limited as at February 1, 2019, and March 1, 2019.
(10 Marks)

c. Explain TWO conditions that must exist before an impairment loss can be reversed.
(4 Marks)

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q1 – Presentation of Financial Statements (IAS 1)

Prepare financial statements from a trial balance, including adjustments for provisions, tax, asset disposals, depreciation, and development costs.

The following is the trial balance of Almajiri Nigeria Limited as at September 30, 2018:

Account Debit (₦’m) Credit (₦’m)
Revenue 60,000
Cost of sales 40,800
Distribution costs 2,900
Administrative expenses 4,440
Interest on bank borrowings 40
Research and development costs 1,720
Leasehold property (at valuation Oct 1, 2017) 10,000
Plant and equipment (at cost) 15,320
Plant and equipment (accum. depr. at Oct 1, 2017) 4,920
Capitalised development expenditure (Oct 1, 2017) 4,000
Development expenditure (accum. amortiz. at Oct 1, 2017) 1,200
Closing inventory (30 Sept 2018) 4,000
Trade receivables 8,620
Bank 260
Trade payables & provisions 4,760
Preference dividend paid 160
Dividend paid on ordinary shares 1,200
Ordinary shares at 25k each 10,000
8% Redeemable preference shares at N1 each (year 2020) 4,000
Retained earnings brought forward 4,900
Deferred tax 1,160
Leasehold property revaluation reserve 2,000
Total 93,200 93,200

Additional information:
(i)
One of the reputable customers of Almajiri Nigeria Limited sued the company for
N
400 million for breach of contract over a cancelled order. Almajiri Nigeria
Limited obtained a legal opinion that there is 20% chance that Almajiri will lose the
case.
Accordingly, it has provided for N
80 million (N
400 million x 20%) included in
administrative expenses in respect of the claim. The unrecoverable legal cost of
defending the action was estimated at N20 million and these have not been
provided for as the legal action will not go to court until next year.
(ii)
The directors of the Company have estimated the provision for income tax for the
year ended September 30, 2018 at N2,280 million. The required deferred tax
provision at September 30, is N
1,200 million.
(iii) The redeemable preference shares were issued on April 1, 2018 at par. They are
redeemable at a large premium which gives them an effective finance cost of 12%
per annum.
(iv) The leasehold property had a remaining life of 20 years at October 1, 2017. The
company‟s policy is to revalue its property at each year end and as at September
30, 2018 it was revalued at N
8,600 million.
(v) On October 1, 2017 an item of plant and equipment was disposed of for N500
million cash. The proceeds have been treated as revenue by the company. The
plant is still included in the company‟s trial balance figure at the cost of N
million and accumulated depreciation of N
1,600
800 million (to date of disposal). All
plants and equipment are depreciated at 20% per annum using reducing balance
method. Depreciation and amortisation of all non-current assets are charged to
cost of sales.
(vi) In addition to capitalised development expenditure of N
4,000 million further
research and development cost were incurred on a new project which commenced
on October 1, 2017. The research stage of the new project lasted until December
31, 2017 and incurred N
280 million costs, from that date the project incurred
development cost of N160 million per month. On April 1, 2018 the directors
became confident that the project would be successful and yield a profit well in
excess of its costs. The project is still in development as at September 30, 2018.

Capitalised development expenditure is amortised at 20% per annum using straight
line method. All expensed research and development expenditure is charged to
cost of sales.

You are required to prepare:
a. Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended
September 30, 2018.

b. Statement of changes in equity for the year ended September 30, 2018.

c. Statement of movement in property, plant and equipment to be included in
published financial statements.

d. Statement of financial position as at September 30, 2018.

 

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