Series: NOV 2022

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  • 15 Marks

AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Risk Management in Audits

Explain materiality, benchmarks, and factors affecting materiality determination in audits.

The audit plan and scope was presented to the Audit Committee of Deinde Limited for the year ended December 31, 2020. The external auditors of the company stated:

“We would estimate materiality using profit before tax for the full year. We would estimate our preliminary materiality based on expected results for the full year. We will perform a materiality re-assessment at year-end to confirm adequacy or otherwise of our preliminary materiality. We will report to the Audit Committee on all unadjusted misstatements greater than our established threshold unless they are qualitatively immaterial.”

Your uncle, who is a member of the Audit Committee, discussed this matter with you and requested that you explain the issue further.

Required:

a. Explain the concepts of materiality and performance materiality in an audit of financial statements.

(3 Marks)

b. Explain the benchmark for determining materiality. (5 Marks)

c. Discuss the factors that may affect the identification of an appropriate benchmark. (7 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SC – Q6 – Internal Audit and Corporate Governance

Discuss reasons for outsourcing internal audit, advantages/disadvantages, and functions that cannot be outsourced.

The Internal Audit Unit of Oluvia Bank Limited has been accused of collusion with staff in committing monumental fraud. The following types of fraud were found to be common:

  • Cheque suppression
  • Fraudulent bookkeeping to overstate income
  • Inflation of the worth of the company’s assets
  • Intercepting replaced customers’ cards
  • Fraudsters impersonating Senior Managers or Chief Executive Officer
  • Online banking fraud, such as phishing, malware attacks, and clone websites
  • Impersonating the owner of an account or using fake documents to open an account under someone else’s name (no proper Know Your Customer conducted)

The bank examiners came and were surprised at the level of fraud in the bank and requested management to address it urgently.

After the supervisory visit, the board of directors discussed the issue with the bank’s external auditors, who suggested that the bank could outsource the internal audit functions. The Board of Directors found this suggestion favorable and mandated the Managing Director to act swiftly and report back with details at the next board meeting.

Required:

a. Discuss the main reasons for outsourcing internal audit functions. (3 Marks)

b. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. (10 Marks)

c. Discuss which part of the internal audit function cannot be outsourced. (2 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SC – Q5 – Audit Planning and Strategy

Discuss professional skepticism, benefits of audit planning, audit strategy, and audit stages.

At the weekly meeting of an audit firm, it was reported that a new audit client (Salisa Limited) has just been won. An implementation team has been constituted with a manager as the head. At the meeting of the implementation team, the manager stated that there is a need for the team to work on the audit planning strategy; the contents of which will form the audit planning memorandum that will be presented to the audit committee. He stated further that a professional clearance has to be sent to the former auditor after which, a background check will be performed on the directors and other principal officers of the company. It is also believed that for proper risk assessment, there is a need to understand the business operations of the company. He stated further that the audit will be structured into both interim and final audits.

An experienced member of the team also mentioned the need for the auditor to adopt an attitude of professional skepticism. He emphasized that planning the audit will involve the whole engagement team to establish an understanding of the terms of the engagement as required by ISA 210, which will help establish an overall strategy for the audit. Developing the audit plan will include the nature, timing, and extent of planned risk assessment procedures, further audit procedures, and documentation of the overall audit strategy.

Required:

a. Explain professional skepticism. (2 Marks)

b. State how adequate planning can benefit the audit team. (3 Marks)

c. Explain and illustrate what the establishment of the overall audit strategy involves. (3 Marks)

d. Discuss the elements of interim and final audits.

(7 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SB – Q4 – Audit Planning and Strategy

Discuss audit sampling rationale, key decisions, advantages, sampling methods, and auditor actions in sample testing.

wo accountancy students from a University have been asked to write a term paper on “the reasons why external auditors resort to sampling when conducting the audit of a large entity.” The students are of the opinion that they do not understand why this should be the case, if auditors focus on their work.

They believe statistical sampling is not always good for auditing, especially when a population consists of a small number of large items. It may be appropriate to apply audit tests to the entire population as all the items in the population may not share common characteristics. Added to this, they do not agree that samples could be representative of the population and also reflect the characteristics of the population. There is therefore the risk that the auditors may not reach a correct decision as against when the entire population is tested.

Furthermore, they said that they were confused on how the auditors will work on samples in such a way that all items in the population will be given equal chance of being selected and the key decisions that need to be made for effective sample design.

As an ICAN Professional examination candidate who has just finished reading Audit Sampling (ISA 530), you now saw it as an opportunity to recall and explain what you have read. You are excited to explain the above to the students.

Required:

a. Highlight key decisions to be made to influence the sample size. (4 Marks)

b. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using statistical sampling. (8 Marks)

c. Explain the sample selection methods that will give equal chance to all the items in the population. (3 Marks)

d. Illustrate what the auditors should do when performing procedures on the samples. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Audit Reporting

Examines joint auditors' roles, options for audit disputes, acquisition processes, and reporting requirements.

During the audit of Kofo Plc in 2018, it was observed that there was an omission of liability to the tune of N2 billion. Upon investigation, it was discovered that the error was as a result of unrecorded liability relating to unremitted statutory taxes to the government in prior years. A compensating error was noticed in unsubstantiated investment and receivables balances schedule provided by the management.

The explanation provided by management for this error was that having noted this disparity, the internal audit team was commissioned to reconcile the ledger balances to establish the actual payment to be made to the government. The result of that exercise led to an initial adjustment of N500 million. However, upon further review by the Internal Audit and Risk Management team, the total disparity noted was N5 billion as opposed to the N2 billion initially noted. The reason being that the report with which the Internal Audit Team carried out the reconciliation was understated. Some liability balances were excluded from the report as a result of the approach used to set up the Information System (I.T) System. Therefore, the general command entered into the system to spool the report did not capture the entire transactions. To gain comfort, the audit team:

(i) Reviewed the reconciliation memo to have an understanding of management’s thought process;
(ii) Requested the updated spool of ledger balances from the I.T system;
(iii) Asked the Information Technology team to perform a walkthrough test of the transaction spool;
(iv) Requested the breakdown of the excluded balances and traced them to the supporting documents to which they relate; and
(v) Checked to see that there were no unusual remittances from the bank statements.

You are a member of the audit team which reviewed Kofo Plc’s compliance with International Standards on Auditing (ISA 250) on Non-Compliance with Laws and Regulations (NOCLAR).

Required:

a. Outline the audit procedures to be performed to help identify instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. (5 Marks)

b. State what the auditor should do when they become aware of an issue of non-compliance with laws and regulations. (5 Marks)

c. State the types of policies and procedures the entity may implement to assist in the prevention and detection of non-compliance with laws and regulations. (4 Marks)

d. Discuss what the auditor should do under the following situations:

  • i. Reporting non-compliance to those charged with governance (2 Marks)
  • ii. Reporting non-compliance in the audit report (2 Marks)
  • iii. Reporting non-compliance to the authorities (2 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SB – Q2 – Audit of Complex Entities

Evaluate auditors' responsibilities in fraud detection, financial misreporting, and appropriate audit procedures to mitigate misstatements.

The Financial Controller (FC) of Poki Limited made an observation on the draft engagement letter sent by the external auditors to the company, an extract of which is as stated below:

“The responsibility for safeguarding the assets of the company and for the prevention and detection of fraud, error, and non-compliance with laws or regulations rests with the company’s directors. In accordance with auditing standards, we shall endeavor to plan our audit so that we have a reasonable expectation of detecting material misstatements in the financial statements or accounting records (including any material misstatements resulting from fraud, error, or non-compliance with laws or regulations). However, because any internal control structure, no matter how effective, cannot eliminate the possibility that errors or irregularities may occur and remain undetected and because we use selective testing in our audit, we cannot guarantee that errors or irregularities, if present, will be detected. Accordingly, our audit should not be relied upon to disclose all such material misstatements or frauds, errors, or instances of non-compliance as may exist. The best safeguard against irregularities and fraud is a sound system of internal control.”

The FC accused the auditors of running away from their responsibilities of exposing to the owners of the company fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets. To him, what is the purpose of audit when fraud and errors could not be discovered? He has threatened to discuss with the Board of Directors and insists that the engagement letter will not be signed until those sections are removed. You are a senior member of the audit team.

Required:

a. Outline the objectives of auditors in relation to fraud. (6 Marks)

b. Explain fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets. (7 Marks)

c. State the procedures auditors should perform to identify the risks of material misstatement due to fraud. (7 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SB – Q1 – Group Audits

Evaluate the justification for joint auditors, present options for audit concerns, and prepare an appropriate report for disputed acquisition.

Mr. Johnson is the Senior Partner of Johnson, Odewole, Thomas & Co., Chartered Accountants. During the last audit of Mandarin Manufacturing Plc, which the firm did with Messrs Ark Professional Services (APS) for the year ended 30 September, 2020, Mr. Johnson expressed displeasure on some of the conclusions reached by APS on certain audit areas. The manager in charge of the audit at Johnson, Odewole, Thomas & Co. had drawn Mr. Johnson’s attention to matters marked “For Partner’s Attention.” Discussions with the corresponding partner of APS on these matters were considered unsatisfactory.

Mr. Johnson’s views differed significantly from those of the corresponding partner of APS. It was agreed to proceed to the board meeting where these disputed positions would be presented and discussed with the directors before a final decision was reached. Of significance is the acquisition of a property from a former staff member for the opening of a new branch warehouse. The acquisition process was hurried and exceeded the capital expenditure provisions for the period. Mr. Johnson’s team viewed the acquisition as a potential fraud on the company, while APS aligned with the director of finance, who considered it a normal transaction.

At the board meeting to discuss the financial statements, members were divided between the two audit firms’ views, leading the chairman to reschedule the meeting. He requested additional information on both parties’ positions and asked them to harmonize their views before the next meeting the following day.

Required:

a. Evaluate the justification or otherwise of an entity having joint auditors. (8 Marks)

b. Following the concerns of Johnson, Odewole, Thomas & Co., present the options available to the firm. (5 Marks)

c. Discuss the points on which the Chairman needs to base his decision, according to standard acquisition procedures. (7 Marks)

d. If the Chairman agrees with the position of Johnson, Odewole, Thomas & Co., determine the reporting requirement and draft an appropriate report for inclusion in the auditors’ report. (6 Marks)

e. Discuss the composition of items that could be marked “For Partner’s Attention” during the conclusion of an audit process. (4 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Corporate Governance and Financial Strategy

Analyze the Chairman's proposals to improve EPS and discuss methods to align stakeholder objectives.

The Chairman of Opeyemi plc, a company listed on the Alternative Investment Market, has circulated a memorandum to the company’s directors and senior managers which contains the following statements:

“Looking to the year ahead, there are a number of measures which I propose to increase the company’s earnings per share (EPS).

Payments to trade creditors should be made as late as possible, even if this means extending our credit beyond the terms allowed by our suppliers. The company currently runs a substantial overdraft, and this measure will cut the level of bank interest and charges.

Relatively high capital expenditure in recent years has resulted in substantial depreciation charges in the profit or loss account. All capital spending, including that on the Oloro II project – designed to reduce toxic emissions from the manufacturing plant – should be postponed except where such spending can be shown to be essential to current operations.

Staff pay should be frozen at this year’s level for the forthcoming year. The company’s sponsorship of the local charity events run by the Staff Social Club should also, regrettably, be ended.

By boosting profits and therefore EPS, these measures will help us to achieve the highest possible stock market capitalisation.”

Required:

a. Prepare a response to the Chairman’s proposals which examines the possible consequences of the proposals for the price of the company’s shares and for the company’s stakeholders. (9 Marks)

b. Discuss FOUR ways that encourage managers to achieve stakeholder objectives. (6 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q6 – Dividend Policy

Analyze P/E ratios and calculate dividend cover for companies in the food retail sector.

Companies A, B, and C are in the food retailing sector of the stock market. The following key stock market statistics are provided.

Food Retailers: Ordinary Shares, Key Stock Market Statistics:

Company A B C
Share Price (₦) 2.10 1.80 2.30
Earnings per Share (₦) 0.30 0.25 0.35
Dividend per Share (₦) 0.18 0.15 0.25

Required:

a. Illustrating your answer by using data from the table above, define and explain the term P/E ratio, and comment on the way it may be used by an investor to appraise a possible share purchase. (8 Marks)

b. Using data in the above table, calculate the dividend cover for Companies C and B, and explain the meaning and significance of the measure from the point of view of equity investors. (7 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Business Valuation Techniques

Calculate the equity value of APL using SVA and outline three methods for funding the MBO.

Aderupoko Plc (ADP), a large listed media group, has been the holding company of Adamu Publishers Limited (APL) since 2015. The publishing company (APL) is 100% owned by ADP since inception.

Recently, the directors of APL informed ADP’s board of their readiness to make a management buy-out (MBO) of APL. Accordingly, ADP’s board decided to value APL using the shareholder value analysis method (SVA). ADP’s board estimates that APL has a four-year competitive advantage over its competitors (to 30 September 2024) and the following data regarding APL’s value drivers and additional financial information has been collected:

Year to 30 September 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025+
Sales growth (%) 5% 4% 3% 2% 0%
Operating profit margin 8% 9% 10% 10% 10%
Incremental non-current asset investment (% of sales increase) 5% 6% 3% 2% 0%
Incremental working capital investment (% of sales increase) 6% 5% 4% 4% 0%

Financial Information:

  • Sales for the current year to 30 September 2020: ₦80 million
  • Annual depreciation (equal to annual replacement of non-current asset expenditure): ₦2.0 million
  • Par value of 6% debentures in issue (current market value ₦95.00, nominal value ₦100): ₦10.0 million
  • Short-term investments held: ₦0.8 million
  • Company tax rate: 20%
  • Current WACC: 10%

Required:

a. Calculate the value of APL’s equity using SVA.

(12 Marks)

b. Outline three methods by which APL’s directors might raise the funds necessary for the proposed MBO of the company. (3 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2022 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

This question tests knowledge of financial problem-solving techniques.

The use of mathematical techniques to solve financial problems is called:
A. Financial mathematics
B. Financial engineering
C. Financial accounting
D. Management accounting
E. Financial management

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2022 – L1 – SA – Q5 – The Business Environment

This question examines understanding of economies of scale.

Which of the following is NOT an example of economies of scale?
A. Generate better efficiency through larger quantities of output
B. Able to employ specialist managers to increase efficiencies
C. Able to buy and sell in retail at more optimal prices
D. Able to demand better interest rates with more assets as collateral
E. Firms clustering together to develop specialized labor force

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2022 – L1 – SA – Q4 – Business and Organizational Structures and Choices

This question covers the legal framework for data protection.

A law designed to protect individuals against others collecting, holding, and using information about them without their permission is called:
A. Data protection law
B. Employment law
C. Competition law
D. Health and safety law
E. Legalised law

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2022 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Management, Individual, and Organisational Behaviour

This question tests knowledge of organizational culture types suited for stable environments.

Which type of culture is best-suited for a large organisation in a fairly stable business environment?
A. Task culture
B. Power culture
C. Boss culture
D. Personal culture
E. Role culture

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2022 – L1 – SA – Q2 – Business and Organizational Structures and Choices

This question examines understanding of geographical divisional structure in an organization.

A manufacturer of soft drinks that has separate divisions for America, Europe, Far East, Africa, Middle East, and the rest of the world is an example of:
A. Strategic business units (SBUs)
B. Geographical divisional structure
C. Divisional structure
D. Product divisional structure
E. Matrix structure

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2022 – L1 – SA – Q1 – The Role of Professional Accountants in Business and Society

This question tests knowledge of the features of a professional.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of a professional?
A. A profession can be described as an occupation for which the individual has to acquire special knowledge and skill.
B. Professionals are usually paid a prescribed fee to render their services.
C. Most professionals are regulated by a professional body.
D. Professionals are not to opt for a paid job.
E. Professionals typically acquire specialized knowledge from higher institutions and specialized institutes.

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  • 4 Marks

MI – Nov 2022 – L1 – SB – Q6c – Cloud Computing

Enumeration of requirements for infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Enumerate any FOUR expected requirements for infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

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  • 6 Marks

MI – Nov 2022 – L1 – SB – Q6b – Cloud Computing

Explanation of the distinctions between pairs of cloud computing terminologies

State ONE distinction between each of the following pairs of cloud computing terminologies:
i. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS). (2 Marks)
ii. Private cloud and public cloud. (2 Marks)
iii. Community cloud and hybrid cloud. (2 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

MI – Nov 2022 – L1 – SB – Q6a – Cloud Computing

Definition of cloud computing and identification of its advantages and disadvantages

Information processing and computing services have moved from computer bureaus to cloud computing.
You are required to:
i. Define cloud computing. (2 Marks)
ii. Enumerate FIVE advantages and THREE disadvantages of cloud computing. (8 Marks)

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  • 5 Marks

MI – Nov 2022 – L1 – SB – Q5b – Information System Development and Security

Identification of physical security measures in an Information System environment

Enumerate FIVE physical security measures in an Information System environment.

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