Question Tag: WACC

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FM – May 2019 – L3 – Q1 – Mergers and Acquisitions

Evaluate the synergy expected from a proposed merger between Pako Plc. and RT Plc. using free cash flow analysis, and discuss limitations and alternatives.

Question

Pako Plc. will soon announce a take-over bid for Ronke Tina (RT) Plc., a company in the same industry. The initial bid will be an all-share bid of four Pako shares for every five RT Plc. shares. The most recent annual data relating to the two companies are shown below:

The take-over is expected to result in cost saving in advertising and distribution, reducing the operating costs (including depreciation) of Pako from 76% of sales to 70% of sales. The growth rate of the combined company is expected to be 6% per year for four years and 5% per year thereafter. RT’s debt obligations will be taken over by Pako. The corporate tax rate is expected to remain at 30%.

Sales and costs relevant to the decision may be assumed to be in cash terms.

Required:

a. Estimate how much synergy is expected to be created from the take-over, using free cash flow to the firm analysis for each individual company and the potential combined company. State clearly any assumptions that you make.
Note: The weighted average cost of capital of the combined company is assumed to be 9%. (20 Marks)

b. Discuss any five limitations of the above estimates. (5 Marks)

c. Explain, generally, three advantages and two disadvantages of expansion through merger and acquisition rather than through organic growth. (5 Marks)
(Total: 30 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Free Cash Flow, Growth Analysis, M&A, Synergy, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Mergers and acquisitions

FM – Nov 2014 – L3 – SA – Q1 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate the financial feasibility of a cement production project using cost of capital, NPV, and MIRR methods.

Question

AK Plc is a company listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. It is involved in property development and sales.

The company currently imports more than 60% of its cement requirements. At a recent meeting of the board of directors, a decision was taken to establish a division for the production of cement in Ore, Ondo State. If the division is set up and the cement production goes ahead, output from the division will be sold to AK Plc and external customers at market price. For planning purposes, it has been decided that the financial viability of the project over the next five years should be determined.

The sum of N2 billion will be required. The sum of N500 million will be spent to acquire an existing factory considered suitable for the project. The balance of N1.5 billion will be applied for the procurement and installation of essential plant and equipment. Tax allowance can be claimed on plant and equipment at a uniform amount over 5 years with NIL scrap value.

A total of N20 million has been spent on various surveys (market, technical, financial, etc.) to date out of which N10 million has been paid. The balance of N10 million is due for payment at the end of year 1.

Production of cement for the next five years is projected as follows:

Year	Bags
1	500,000
2	600,000
3	650,000
4	800,000
5	700,000

A bag of cement sells currently for N2,000 in the open market. This price is expected to increase at the rate of 5% per annum. Variable cost is now N1,000 per bag. This will increase at 4% per annum. Fixed overhead costs will be N50 million at current prices but will rise by 8% per annum. Apportioned head office charges of N25 million at current prices will rise by 10% per annum. Fifty per cent (50%) of the total initial outlay of N2 billion is to be funded with a loan from a Federal Government Development Bank at a concessionary fixed interest rate of 8%, payable at the end of each year. Half of the loan will be repaid at the end of year 3 while the balance will be paid at the end of year 5. The project will require a working capital of 10% of annual revenue, and this should be available at the beginning of each year.

The company uses a current Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of 11% to appraise all capital projects. The asset beta of the company is 1.2, equity beta is 1.6, risk-free rate is 5%, while the market risk premium is 7%.

The Finance Director is of the view that it is not appropriate to use the existing WACC to appraise the new project. He has identified a listed company that currently produces cement and packaged fruit drinks. The company has the following financial statistics:

Equity beta: 1.82
Debt beta: 0.4
Debt/Equity ratio: 40%
60% of the market value of the company is attributed to cement production, while 40% of the value is attributed to the fruit drinks division.
The fruit drinks division has an equity beta of 0.8.

The new project is expected to move AK Plc to the target Debt/Equity ratio of 30%. Tax rate is 25% for the two companies and is paid in the year profit is made.

Required:

a. Compute the appropriate cost of capital that AK Plc should use to appraise the cement project and state why you consider this rate more appropriate than the existing WACC of 11%.

Note: Your final cost of capital should be rounded up to the nearest whole number. State any assumptions made. (12 Marks)

b. Compute the Net Present Value (NPV) and Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) of the project, assuming a cost of capital of 13%.

(Work to the nearest N million). (16 Marks)

c. Recommend whether the project should be accepted or not, using both NPV and MIRR methods. (2 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Cost of Capital, Modified Internal Rate of Return, Net Present Value, Project Appraisal, Risk Assessment, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Investment Appraisal Techniques
Series: NOV 2014

FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Cost of Capital

Calculate market value WACC for JP and discuss its preference over book value WACC for investment appraisals.

Question

The directors of Jindadi Plc. (JP), an Abuja-based entertainment company, are currently considering the appropriate cost of capital to use in appraising capital investments. It is the policy of the company to assess the financial viability of all capital projects using the net present value criterion.

You have been provided with some financial information about the company.

JP has an equity beta of 1.2, and the ex-dividend market value of the company’s equity is N1 billion. The ex-interest market value of the convertible bonds is N168 million, and the ex-dividend market value of the preference shares is N50 million.

The convertible bonds of JP have a conversion ratio of 19 ordinary shares per bond. The conversion date and redemption date are both on the same date in five years’ time. The current ordinary share price of JP is expected to increase by 4% per year for the foreseeable future.

The equity risk premium is 5% per year, and the risk-free rate of return is 4% per year. JP pays profit tax at an annual rate of 30% per year.

Required:

a. Calculate the market value after-tax weighted average cost of capital of JP, explaining clearly any assumptions you make. (10 Marks)

b. Discuss why market value weighted average cost of capital is preferred to book value weighted average cost of capital when making investment decisions. (5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Book value, Convertible Bonds, Investment decisions, Market Value, Preference shares, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Cost of capital

FM – May 2018 – L3 – SA – Q1 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate the NPV of Plateau Plc.'s project, assess sensitivity, discuss political risk, and explore real options for the project.

Question

Plateau Plc. (PT) is a Nigerian company that manufactures and sells innovative products. Following favourable market research that cost N4,000,000, PT has developed a new product. It plans to set up a production facility in Kano, although its board had contemplated setting up the facility in an overseas country. The project will have a life of four years.

The selling price of the new product will be N5,900 per unit, with sales in the first year to December 31, 2019, expected to be 120,000 units, increasing by 5% per annum thereafter. Relevant direct labour and material costs are expected to be N3,400 per unit, and incremental fixed production costs are expected to be N60 million per annum. The selling price and costs are stated in December 31, 2018 prices and are expected to increase at a rate of 3% per annum. Research and development costs to December 31 will amount to N25 million.

Investment in working capital will be N30 million on December 31, 2018, and this will increase in line with sales volumes and inflation. Working capital will be fully recoverable on December 31, 2022.

The company will need to rent a factory during the life of the project. Annual rent of N20 million will be payable in advance on December 31 each year and will not increase over the life of the project.

Plant and machinery will cost N1 billion on December 31, 2018. The plant and machinery are expected to have a resale value of N300 million (at December 31, 2022, prices) at the end of the project. The plant and machinery will attract 20% (reducing balance) capital allowances in the year of expenditure and in every subsequent year of ownership by the company, except in the final year when there will be a balancing allowance or charge.

Assume a corporate tax rate of 20% per annum in the foreseeable future and that tax flows arise in the same year as the cash flows which gave rise to them.

The directors are concerned by rumours in the industry of research by a rival company into a much cheaper alternative product. However, the rumours suggest that this research will take another year to complete, and if successful, it will take a further year before the alternative product comes on the market.

An appropriate weighted average cost of capital for the project is 10% per annum.

Required:

a. Calculate, using money cash flows, the NPV of the project on December 31, 2018, and advise the company whether to proceed with the project or not.
(15 Marks)

b. Calculate and interpret the sensitivity of the project to a change in:

(i) The annual rent of the factory (2 Marks)
(ii) The weighted average cost of capital (4 Marks)

c. If the board of PT decided to set up the manufacturing facility overseas, advise the board on how political risk could change the value of the project and how it might limit its effects. (4 Marks)

d. Discuss briefly FOUR real options available to PT in relation to the new project. (5 Marks)

(Total 30 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Cash Flow, Investment Appraisal, NPV, Political Risk, Real options, Sensitivity Analysis, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Investment Appraisal Techniques
Series: MAY 2018

FM – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q1 – Financial Strategy Formulation

Appraisal of a diversification project into holiday travel using WACC and associated financial strategy considerations.

Question

Eko Plc. (Eko) is a listed company in the food retailing sector and has large stores in all major cities in the country. Eko’s board is considering diversifying by opening holiday travel shops in all of its stores.

At a recent board meeting, the directors discussed how the holiday travel shops project (the project) should be appraised. The sales director insisted that Eko’s current weighted average cost of capital (WACC) should be used to evaluate the project, as the majority of its operations will still be in food retailing. The finance director disagreed, stating that the existing cost of equity does not account for the systematic risk of new projects and that the company’s overall WACC would change as a result of the project’s acceptance. The board was also concerned about the market’s reaction to its diversification plans. Another board meeting was scheduled, at which Eko’s advisors would be asked to make a presentation on the project.

You work for Eko’s advisors and have been asked to prepare information for the presentation. You have established the following:

Eko intends to raise the capital required for the project in such a way as to leave its existing debt-to-equity ratio (by market value) unchanged following the diversification. Extracts from Eko’s most recent management accounts are shown below:

Statement of financial position as at May 31, 2017

On May 31, 2017, Eko’s ordinary shares had a market value of 276 kobo (ex-div) and an equity beta of 0.60. For the year ended May 31, 2017, the dividend yield was 4.2%, and the earnings per share were 25 kobo. The return on the market is expected to be 8% p.a, and the risk-free rate is 2% p.a.

Eko’s debentures had a market value of N108 (ex-interest) per N100 nominal value on May 31, 2017, and they are redeemable at par on May 31, 2021.

Companies operating solely in the holiday travel industry have an average equity beta of 1.40 and an average debt-to-equity ratio (by market value) of 3:5. It is estimated that if the project goes ahead, the overall equity beta of Eko will be made up of 90% food retailing and 10% holiday travel shops.

Assume that the income tax rate will be 20% p.a. for the foreseeable future.

Required:

a. Ignoring the project, calculate the current WACC of Eko using:
i. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) (8 Marks)
ii. The Gordon Growth Model (6 Marks)

b. Use the CAPM to calculate the cost of equity that should be included in a WACC suitable for appraising the project and explain your reason. (5 Marks)

c. By calculating an overall equity beta and using the CAPM, estimate the overall WACC of Eko assuming that the project goes ahead and comment on the implications of a permanent change in the overall WACC. (5 Marks)

d. Advise whether Eko should diversify its operations and how the stock market might react to the proposed project. (3 Marks)

e. Identify the appropriate project appraisal methodology that should be used when a project’s financing results in a major increase in a company’s market gearing ratio, and using the data relating to Eko, calculate the project discount rate that should be used in this circumstance. (3 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Debt-equity ratio, Diversification, Financial strategy, Food Retailing, Holiday Travel, Management Decision, Project Appraisal, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Financial strategy formulation

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q2a(i) – Impairment of Assets and CGU Valuation

Evaluate the acceptability of accounting practices used for CGU impairment test, focusing on discount rates and foreign exchange issues under IAS 36.

Question

Gyamfi Ltd (Gyamfi) is an international company with a presence in Ghana, providing spare parts for the automotive industry. It operates in various jurisdictions, each with different currencies. In 2020, Gyamfi faced financial difficulties partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a decline in revenue, a reorganization, and restructuring of the business. As a result, Gyamfi reported a loss for the year.
Gyamfi conducted an impairment test for goodwill, but no impairment was recognized. The company applied a single discount rate to all cash flows for all cash-generating units (CGUs), regardless of the currency in which the cash flows were generated. The discount rate used was the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), and Gyamfi used the 10-year government bond rate of its jurisdiction as the risk-free rate in the calculation.

Additionally, Gyamfi built its impairment model using forecasts denominated in the parent company’s functional currency, arguing that any other approach would be unrealistic and impracticable. Gyamfi claimed that the CGUs had different risk profiles in the short term, but there was no basis for claiming that their risk profiles were different over a longer business cycle.

Impairment of Non-Current Assets:
Gyamfi also tested its non-current assets for impairment. A building located overseas was deemed impaired due to flooding in the area. The building was acquired on 1 April 2020 for 25 million dinars when the exchange rate was 2 dinars to the Ghana Cedi. The building is carried at cost. As of 31 March 2021, the building’s recoverable amount was determined to be 17.5 million dinars. The exchange rate on 31 March 2021 was 2.5 dinars to the Ghana Cedi. Buildings are depreciated over 25 years.

The tax base and carrying amounts of the non-current assets before the impairment write-down were identical. The impairment of the non-current assets is not deductible for tax purposes. No deferred tax adjustment has been made for the impairment. Gyamfi expects to make profits for the foreseeable future and assumes the tax rate is 25%. No other deferred tax effects need to be considered besides the ones relating to the impairment of the non-current assets.

Requirements (as per question):
i) Evaluate the acceptability of the accounting practices under IAS 36: Impairment of Assets (6 marks).

Answer

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Tags: Deferred Tax, flooding, foreign currency exchange, Impairment of Assets, Non-current Assets, Risk-free rate, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: IAS 36: Impairment of assets
Series: MAY 2021

PM – May 2019 – L2 – Q2 – Divisional Performance Measurement

Discuss the benefits of EVA and calculate it for Tees Nigeria Ltd based on provided financial data.

Question

Peter Drucker opined that “until a business returns a profit that is greater than its cost of capital, it operates at a loss.” Therefore, experts have challenged accounting profit as a good measure of business value increase and proposed economic value added (EVA) as a better measure.

Tees Nigeria Limited has presented the following financial data for the year ended 31 December 2018:

Income Statement 2018:

Item	₦000
Profit before interest and tax	75,000
Interest cost	(9,000)
Profit before tax	66,000
Tax at 30%	(19,800)
Profit after tax	46,200
Dividends paid	(30,000)
Retained profit	16,200

Statement of Financial Position 2018:

Item	₦000
Non-current assets	305,000
Net current assets	190,000
Total assets	495,000
Shareholders’ funds	395,000
Long-term debt	100,000
Capital employed	495,000

Notes:
(i) Capital employed at the beginning of the year was ₦420 million.
(ii) The company had non-capitalised leased assets of ₦24 million.
(iii) The estimated cost of equity was 10%, and the cost of debt was 7%.
(iv) The company’s target capital structure is 60% equity and 40% debt.
(v) Other non-cash expenses were ₦16 million.
(vi) Depreciation is equal to economic depreciation.

Required:
a. Discuss the perceived benefits of using EVA to measure business performance. (10 Marks)
b. Calculate the real economic profit of Tees Nigeria Limited using EVA. (10 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Business performance, Capital Employed, EVA computation, NOPAT, Profit measurement, WACC
Level: Level 2

Topic: Divisional Performance Measurement
Series: MAY 2019

MA – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q1a – Other aspects of performance measurement

Calculate EVA for Vilagio Engineering for 2021 and 2022 and comment on its performance.

Question

Vilagio Engineering (VE) is a listed company manufacturing pumps and valves for use in the irrigation sector. The CEO has tasked you to assess Vilagio’s performance using Economic Value Added. Below is an extract of their financial statements.

Income Statement extract for the year:

Additional information:
i) Capital employed at the end of 2020 amounted to GH¢350 million.
ii) VE had non-capitalised leases valued at GH¢16 million in each of the years 2020 to 2022. Ignore amortisation calculations.
iii) VE’s pre-tax cost of debt was estimated to be 9% in 2021 and 10% in 2022.
iv) VE’s cost of equity was estimated to be 15% in 2021 and 17% in 2022.
v) The target capital structure is 70% equity, 30% debt.
vi) The rate of taxation is 30% in both 2021 and 2022.
vii) Economic depreciation amounted to GH¢64 million in 2021 and GH¢72 million in 2022. These amounts were equal to the depreciation used for tax purposes and depreciation charged in the income statements.
viii) Interest payable amounted to GH¢6 million in 2021 and GH¢8 million in 2022.
ix) Other non-cash expenses amounted to GH¢20 million per year in both 2021 and 2022.

Required:
a) Estimate the Economic Value Added (EVA) for Vilagio Engineering for both 2021 and 2022, and comment on the company’s performance.
b) State THREE (3) advantages and TWO (2) disadvantages of EVA.
c) Explain the relationship between EVA and Net Present Value (NPV).

Answer

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Tags: Economic Value Added, EVA, Financial Analysis, NOPAT, Performance Measurement, WACC

Topic: Performance analysis
Series: MAR 2023

AFM – May 2017 – L3 – Q2b – Sources of finance and cost of capital

Calculate the cost of capital for Oheneba Limited with two different capital structures.

Question

Oheneba Limited is considering the acquisition of a concession in the Brong Ahafo region to enable it to start a quarry business. The average industry beta is 1.6 with an equity-to-debt ratio of 2:1.

The following information was extracted from the books of Oheneba Limited:

Income Statement

You are also informed that the long-term debt of the company is considered risk-free with a gross redemption yield of 10% and the beta coefficient of the company’s equity is 1.2, while the average return on the stock market is 15%.

Required:
i) Determine the cost of capital to apply for the appraisal of the quarry if Oheneba Limited will maintain its capital structure after the implementation of the quarry project. (5 marks)
ii) Determine the cost of capital to apply if the company will change its capital structure to 20% debt and 80% equity. (3 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Beta, Cost of Capital, Debt-to-Equity Ratio, Quarry project, Risk-free rate, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Sources of finance and cost of capital
Series: MAY 2017

AFM – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Sources of finance and cost of capital

Calculation of the cost of capital using the WACC and CAPM methods for a company and discussing when to use the cost of equity or WACC for discounting.

Question

Animal Farm Product Ltd, (AFP), a manufacturer of veterinary medicines for farm animals, wishes to estimate its current cost of capital.

The following figures have been extracted from their most recent accounts:

Other relevant data:

The current market value of AFP’s ordinary shares is GH¢12.50 per share cum-dividend. AFP’s beta is 1.4, the risk-free rate is 3%, and the return on the SEC index (the market proxy) is 8%. An annual dividend of GH¢800,000 is due for payment shortly.
The 8% debentures are irredeemable and are trading at a current market value of GH¢106.00, a GH¢6.00 premium over their issue price of GH¢100.00. Semi-annual interest of GH¢4 million has just been paid on the debentures.
The 6% preference shares are trading at a current market value of GH¢6.00, a GH¢1 above their issue price of GH¢5.00. Interest has just been paid on these preference shares.
There have been no issues or redemptions of ordinary shares or debentures during the past five years, and the corporation tax rate remains at 12.5%. Assume that tax relief on the debenture interest arises at the same time as the interest payment.

Required:

a) Calculate the cost of capital that AFP should use as a discount rate when appraising new marginal investment opportunities. (11 marks)

b) Explain when firms should discount projects using:

The cost of equity;
The WACC instead; and
When should they use neither? You may use the information and your results in part (a) as examples. (6 marks)

c) Discuss what type of covenants might be attached to bonds. (3 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Bonds, CAPM, Cost of Capital, Preference shares, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Sources of finance and cost of capital
Series: NOV 2017

FM – May 2019 – L3 – Q1 – Mergers and Acquisitions

Evaluate the synergy expected from a proposed merger between Pako Plc. and RT Plc. using free cash flow analysis, and discuss limitations and alternatives.

Question

Sales and costs relevant to the decision may be assumed to be in cash terms.

Required:

b. Discuss any five limitations of the above estimates. (5 Marks)

c. Explain, generally, three advantages and two disadvantages of expansion through merger and acquisition rather than through organic growth. (5 Marks)
(Total: 30 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Free Cash Flow, Growth Analysis, M&A, Synergy, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Mergers and acquisitions

FM – Nov 2014 – L3 – SA – Q1 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate the financial feasibility of a cement production project using cost of capital, NPV, and MIRR methods.

Question

AK Plc is a company listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. It is involved in property development and sales.

Production of cement for the next five years is projected as follows:

Year	Bags
1	500,000
2	600,000
3	650,000
4	800,000
5	700,000

Equity beta: 1.82
Debt beta: 0.4
Debt/Equity ratio: 40%
60% of the market value of the company is attributed to cement production, while 40% of the value is attributed to the fruit drinks division.
The fruit drinks division has an equity beta of 0.8.

The new project is expected to move AK Plc to the target Debt/Equity ratio of 30%. Tax rate is 25% for the two companies and is paid in the year profit is made.

Required:

a. Compute the appropriate cost of capital that AK Plc should use to appraise the cement project and state why you consider this rate more appropriate than the existing WACC of 11%.

Note: Your final cost of capital should be rounded up to the nearest whole number. State any assumptions made. (12 Marks)

b. Compute the Net Present Value (NPV) and Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) of the project, assuming a cost of capital of 13%.

(Work to the nearest N million). (16 Marks)

c. Recommend whether the project should be accepted or not, using both NPV and MIRR methods. (2 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Cost of Capital, Modified Internal Rate of Return, Net Present Value, Project Appraisal, Risk Assessment, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Investment Appraisal Techniques
Series: NOV 2014

FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Cost of Capital

Calculate market value WACC for JP and discuss its preference over book value WACC for investment appraisals.

Question

You have been provided with some financial information about the company.

The equity risk premium is 5% per year, and the risk-free rate of return is 4% per year. JP pays profit tax at an annual rate of 30% per year.

Required:

a. Calculate the market value after-tax weighted average cost of capital of JP, explaining clearly any assumptions you make. (10 Marks)

b. Discuss why market value weighted average cost of capital is preferred to book value weighted average cost of capital when making investment decisions. (5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Book value, Convertible Bonds, Investment decisions, Market Value, Preference shares, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Cost of capital

FM – May 2018 – L3 – SA – Q1 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate the NPV of Plateau Plc.'s project, assess sensitivity, discuss political risk, and explore real options for the project.

Question

Assume a corporate tax rate of 20% per annum in the foreseeable future and that tax flows arise in the same year as the cash flows which gave rise to them.

An appropriate weighted average cost of capital for the project is 10% per annum.

Required:

a. Calculate, using money cash flows, the NPV of the project on December 31, 2018, and advise the company whether to proceed with the project or not.
(15 Marks)

b. Calculate and interpret the sensitivity of the project to a change in:

(i) The annual rent of the factory (2 Marks)
(ii) The weighted average cost of capital (4 Marks)

d. Discuss briefly FOUR real options available to PT in relation to the new project. (5 Marks)

(Total 30 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Cash Flow, Investment Appraisal, NPV, Political Risk, Real options, Sensitivity Analysis, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Investment Appraisal Techniques
Series: MAY 2018

FM – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q1 – Financial Strategy Formulation

Appraisal of a diversification project into holiday travel using WACC and associated financial strategy considerations.

Question

You work for Eko’s advisors and have been asked to prepare information for the presentation. You have established the following:

Statement of financial position as at May 31, 2017

Eko’s debentures had a market value of N108 (ex-interest) per N100 nominal value on May 31, 2017, and they are redeemable at par on May 31, 2021.

Assume that the income tax rate will be 20% p.a. for the foreseeable future.

Required:

a. Ignoring the project, calculate the current WACC of Eko using:
i. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) (8 Marks)
ii. The Gordon Growth Model (6 Marks)

b. Use the CAPM to calculate the cost of equity that should be included in a WACC suitable for appraising the project and explain your reason. (5 Marks)

d. Advise whether Eko should diversify its operations and how the stock market might react to the proposed project. (3 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Debt-equity ratio, Diversification, Financial strategy, Food Retailing, Holiday Travel, Management Decision, Project Appraisal, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Financial strategy formulation

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q2a(i) – Impairment of Assets and CGU Valuation

Evaluate the acceptability of accounting practices used for CGU impairment test, focusing on discount rates and foreign exchange issues under IAS 36.

Question

Gyamfi Ltd (Gyamfi) is an international company with a presence in Ghana, providing spare parts for the automotive industry. It operates in various jurisdictions, each with different currencies. In 2020, Gyamfi faced financial difficulties partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a decline in revenue, a reorganization, and restructuring of the business. As a result, Gyamfi reported a loss for the year.
Gyamfi conducted an impairment test for goodwill, but no impairment was recognized. The company applied a single discount rate to all cash flows for all cash-generating units (CGUs), regardless of the currency in which the cash flows were generated. The discount rate used was the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), and Gyamfi used the 10-year government bond rate of its jurisdiction as the risk-free rate in the calculation.

Additionally, Gyamfi built its impairment model using forecasts denominated in the parent company’s functional currency, arguing that any other approach would be unrealistic and impracticable. Gyamfi claimed that the CGUs had different risk profiles in the short term, but there was no basis for claiming that their risk profiles were different over a longer business cycle.

Impairment of Non-Current Assets:
Gyamfi also tested its non-current assets for impairment. A building located overseas was deemed impaired due to flooding in the area. The building was acquired on 1 April 2020 for 25 million dinars when the exchange rate was 2 dinars to the Ghana Cedi. The building is carried at cost. As of 31 March 2021, the building’s recoverable amount was determined to be 17.5 million dinars. The exchange rate on 31 March 2021 was 2.5 dinars to the Ghana Cedi. Buildings are depreciated over 25 years.

The tax base and carrying amounts of the non-current assets before the impairment write-down were identical. The impairment of the non-current assets is not deductible for tax purposes. No deferred tax adjustment has been made for the impairment. Gyamfi expects to make profits for the foreseeable future and assumes the tax rate is 25%. No other deferred tax effects need to be considered besides the ones relating to the impairment of the non-current assets.

Requirements (as per question):
i) Evaluate the acceptability of the accounting practices under IAS 36: Impairment of Assets (6 marks).

Answer

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Tags: Deferred Tax, flooding, foreign currency exchange, Impairment of Assets, Non-current Assets, Risk-free rate, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: IAS 36: Impairment of assets
Series: MAY 2021

PM – May 2019 – L2 – Q2 – Divisional Performance Measurement

Discuss the benefits of EVA and calculate it for Tees Nigeria Ltd based on provided financial data.

Question

Tees Nigeria Limited has presented the following financial data for the year ended 31 December 2018:

Income Statement 2018:

Item	₦000
Profit before interest and tax	75,000
Interest cost	(9,000)
Profit before tax	66,000
Tax at 30%	(19,800)
Profit after tax	46,200
Dividends paid	(30,000)
Retained profit	16,200

Statement of Financial Position 2018:

Item	₦000
Non-current assets	305,000
Net current assets	190,000
Total assets	495,000
Shareholders’ funds	395,000
Long-term debt	100,000
Capital employed	495,000

Required:
a. Discuss the perceived benefits of using EVA to measure business performance. (10 Marks)
b. Calculate the real economic profit of Tees Nigeria Limited using EVA. (10 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Business performance, Capital Employed, EVA computation, NOPAT, Profit measurement, WACC
Level: Level 2

Topic: Divisional Performance Measurement
Series: MAY 2019

MA – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q1a – Other aspects of performance measurement

Calculate EVA for Vilagio Engineering for 2021 and 2022 and comment on its performance.

Question

Answer

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Tags: Economic Value Added, EVA, Financial Analysis, NOPAT, Performance Measurement, WACC

Topic: Performance analysis
Series: MAR 2023

AFM – May 2017 – L3 – Q2b – Sources of finance and cost of capital

Calculate the cost of capital for Oheneba Limited with two different capital structures.

Question

Oheneba Limited is considering the acquisition of a concession in the Brong Ahafo region to enable it to start a quarry business. The average industry beta is 1.6 with an equity-to-debt ratio of 2:1.

The following information was extracted from the books of Oheneba Limited:

Income Statement

Answer

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Tags: Beta, Cost of Capital, Debt-to-Equity Ratio, Quarry project, Risk-free rate, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Sources of finance and cost of capital
Series: MAY 2017

AFM – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Sources of finance and cost of capital

Calculation of the cost of capital using the WACC and CAPM methods for a company and discussing when to use the cost of equity or WACC for discounting.

Question

Animal Farm Product Ltd, (AFP), a manufacturer of veterinary medicines for farm animals, wishes to estimate its current cost of capital.

The following figures have been extracted from their most recent accounts:

Other relevant data:

The current market value of AFP’s ordinary shares is GH¢12.50 per share cum-dividend. AFP’s beta is 1.4, the risk-free rate is 3%, and the return on the SEC index (the market proxy) is 8%. An annual dividend of GH¢800,000 is due for payment shortly.
The 8% debentures are irredeemable and are trading at a current market value of GH¢106.00, a GH¢6.00 premium over their issue price of GH¢100.00. Semi-annual interest of GH¢4 million has just been paid on the debentures.
The 6% preference shares are trading at a current market value of GH¢6.00, a GH¢1 above their issue price of GH¢5.00. Interest has just been paid on these preference shares.
There have been no issues or redemptions of ordinary shares or debentures during the past five years, and the corporation tax rate remains at 12.5%. Assume that tax relief on the debenture interest arises at the same time as the interest payment.

Required:

a) Calculate the cost of capital that AFP should use as a discount rate when appraising new marginal investment opportunities. (11 marks)

b) Explain when firms should discount projects using:

The cost of equity;
The WACC instead; and
When should they use neither? You may use the information and your results in part (a) as examples. (6 marks)

c) Discuss what type of covenants might be attached to bonds. (3 marks)

Answer

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Tags: Bonds, CAPM, Cost of Capital, Preference shares, WACC
Level: Level 3

Topic: Sources of finance and cost of capital
Series: NOV 2017

Question Tag: WACC

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FM – May 2019 – L3 – Q1 – Mergers and Acquisitions

Evaluate the synergy expected from a proposed merger between Pako Plc. and RT Plc. using free cash flow analysis, and discuss limitations and alternatives.

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FM – Nov 2014 – L3 – SA – Q1 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate the financial feasibility of a cement production project using cost of capital, NPV, and MIRR methods.

Required:

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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Cost of Capital

Calculate market value WACC for JP and discuss its preference over book value WACC for investment appraisals.

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FM – May 2018 – L3 – SA – Q1 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate the NPV of Plateau Plc.'s project, assess sensitivity, discuss political risk, and explore real options for the project.

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FM – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q1 – Financial Strategy Formulation

Appraisal of a diversification project into holiday travel using WACC and associated financial strategy considerations.

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CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q2a(i) – Impairment of Assets and CGU Valuation

Evaluate the acceptability of accounting practices used for CGU impairment test, focusing on discount rates and foreign exchange issues under IAS 36.

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PM – May 2019 – L2 – Q2 – Divisional Performance Measurement

Discuss the benefits of EVA and calculate it for Tees Nigeria Ltd based on provided financial data.

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MA – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q1a – Other aspects of performance measurement

Calculate EVA for Vilagio Engineering for 2021 and 2022 and comment on its performance.

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AFM – May 2017 – L3 – Q2b – Sources of finance and cost of capital

Calculate the cost of capital for Oheneba Limited with two different capital structures.

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AFM – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Sources of finance and cost of capital

Calculation of the cost of capital using the WACC and CAPM methods for a company and discussing when to use the cost of equity or WACC for discounting.

You're reporting an error for "AFM – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Sources of finance and cost of capital"

FM – May 2019 – L3 – Q1 – Mergers and Acquisitions

Evaluate the synergy expected from a proposed merger between Pako Plc. and RT Plc. using free cash flow analysis, and discuss limitations and alternatives.

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FM – Nov 2014 – L3 – SA – Q1 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate the financial feasibility of a cement production project using cost of capital, NPV, and MIRR methods.

Required:

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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Cost of Capital

Calculate market value WACC for JP and discuss its preference over book value WACC for investment appraisals.

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FM – May 2018 – L3 – SA – Q1 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate the NPV of Plateau Plc.'s project, assess sensitivity, discuss political risk, and explore real options for the project.

You're reporting an error for "FM – May 2018 – L3 – SA – Q1 – Investment Appraisal Techniques"

FM – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q1 – Financial Strategy Formulation

Appraisal of a diversification project into holiday travel using WACC and associated financial strategy considerations.

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CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q2a(i) – Impairment of Assets and CGU Valuation

Evaluate the acceptability of accounting practices used for CGU impairment test, focusing on discount rates and foreign exchange issues under IAS 36.

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PM – May 2019 – L2 – Q2 – Divisional Performance Measurement

Discuss the benefits of EVA and calculate it for Tees Nigeria Ltd based on provided financial data.

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MA – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q1a – Other aspects of performance measurement

Calculate EVA for Vilagio Engineering for 2021 and 2022 and comment on its performance.

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AFM – May 2017 – L3 – Q2b – Sources of finance and cost of capital

Calculate the cost of capital for Oheneba Limited with two different capital structures.

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AFM – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Sources of finance and cost of capital

Calculation of the cost of capital using the WACC and CAPM methods for a company and discussing when to use the cost of equity or WACC for discounting.

You're reporting an error for "AFM – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Sources of finance and cost of capital"

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