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  • 5 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q3c – Automatic Stabilizers vs Discretionary Fiscal Policies

Explain the difference between automatic stabilizers and discretionary fiscal policies with examples.

Some commentators in Ghana have argued that economic policymakers should allow automatic stabilizers to shape and direct the destiny of the economy rather than discretionary fiscal policies since the latter has failed woefully.

Required:
Distinguish between automatic stabilizers and discretionary fiscal policies as economic tools. Illustrate with examples.

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  • 10 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1a – Monetary vs Fiscal Policy and Tools

Comparison of monetary and fiscal policy and identification of key monetary policy tools used in Ghana.

a) Monetary policy and fiscal policy are two different tools that have an impact on the economic activity of a country. Policy adjustments and institutional safeguards are needed to ensure that the two policies remain firmly within the region of stability.

Required:

i) Distinguish between Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy.

ii) State FOUR monetary policy tools used in Ghana.

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  • 10 Marks

MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1a – Transfer Pricing

Explanation of three reasons why Kako PLC determines transfer pricing centrally.

Kako PLC is a multinational company with production divisions trading in many countries across the globe. Trade takes place between a number of the divisions in different countries, with intermediate products being transferred between them. Where a transfer takes place between divisions trading in different countries, it is the policy of the board of the company to determine centrally the right transfer price without reference to the managers in the division.

Required:

i) Explain THREE possible reasons for Kako PLC to determine transfer prices of goods from the head office.

ii) Explain TWO criticisms of the central determination of transfer pricing.

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2016 – L3 – SB – Q4 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate Gugi Plc.'s proposed investment in a foreign factory, considering costs, revenues, tax, and exchange rate impacts.

Gugi Plc. is a highly successful manufacturing company operating in Nigeria. In addition to sales within Nigeria, the company also exports to a foreign country (with currency F$) along the ECOWAS sub-region. The export sales generate annual net cash inflow of ₦50,000,000. Gugi Plc. is now considering whether to establish a factory in the foreign country and stop exporting from Nigeria to the country. The project is expected to cost F$1 billion, including F$200million for working capital.

A suitable existing factory has been located, and production could commence immediately. A payment of F$950million would be required immediately, with the remainder payable at the end of year one. The following additional information is available:

  • Annual production and sales in units: 110,000
  • Unit selling price: F$5,000
  • Unit variable cost: F$2,000
  • Unit royalty payable to Gugi Plc: ₦300
  • Incremental annual cash fixed costs: F$50million

Assume that the above cash items will remain constant throughout the expected life of the project of 4 years. At the end of year 4, it is estimated that the net realisable value of the non-current assets will be F$1.40billion.

It is the policy of the company to remit the maximum funds possible to the parent (i.e., Gugi Plc.) at the end of each year. Assume that there are no legal complications to prevent this.

If the new factory is set up and export to the foreign country is stopped, it is expected that new export markets of a similar worth in North Africa could replace the existing exports.

Production in Nigeria is at full capacity, and there are no plans for further capacity expansion.

Tax on the company’s profits is at a rate of 40% in both countries, payable one year in arrears. A double taxation agreement exists between Nigeria and the foreign country, and no double taxation is expected to arise. No withholding tax is levied on royalties payable from the foreign country to Nigeria.

Tax allowable “depreciation” is at a rate of 25% on a straight-line basis on all non-current assets.

The Directors of Gugi Plc. believe that the appropriate risk-adjusted cost of capital for the project is 13%.

Annual inflation rates in Nigeria and the foreign country are currently 5.6% and 10%, respectively. These rates are expected to remain constant in the foreseeable future. The current spot exchange rate is F$1.60 = N1. You may assume that the exchange rate reflects the purchasing power parity theorem.

Required:
a. Evaluate the proposed investment from the viewpoint of Gugi Plc.
Notes:
i. Show all workings and calculations to the nearest million.
ii. State all reasonable assumptions. (18 Marks)

b. State TWO further information and analysis that might be useful in the evaluation of this project?

(2 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2016 – L3 – Q3 – Income Taxes (IAS 12)

Discuss and account for deferred taxation arising from temporary differences using IAS 12 for Limelight Plc.

Limelight, a public limited company, is a major player in commodity brokerage and supplies. The following transactions relate to the year ended December 31, 2014.

Profit before taxation for the year was ₦487.5m. Taxable profit for the same period was ₦131.25m.

The balances of non-current assets of the company, at December 31, 2014:

N’000 Amount
Accounting carrying amount 937,500
Tax written down value 637,500

The balances above do not include a freehold building purchased in February 2014 for ₦750m. This building was revalued to ₦985m on December 31, 2014.

Accrued rental income on investment property at December 31, 2014, amounted to ₦9.75m. This income was credited to the statement of profit or loss as at year-end but was not received until three months after. Rental income is taxed by the Federal Inland Revenue Service on an actual basis when it is received.

No other temporary differences exist at December 31, 2014. Income tax and Withholding taxes on rental income are paid at 30% and 10% respectively, six months after the year.

Required:

a) Discuss the conceptual basis for the recognition of deferred taxation by Limelight Plc using the temporary difference approach in accordance with IAS 12, arising from the above transactions.

b (i) Outline how the above transactions should be accounted for using journal entries where appropriate.

b (ii) Calculate the provision for deferred tax after any necessary adjustments to the financial statements at December 31, 2014, and use journal entries.

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  • 15 Marks

AT – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q7 – Tax Implications of Mergers and Acquisitions

Advise on tax implications for Aba Foods merger/acquisition options with Ifedi Foods.

The prevailing economic condition has led to the business cessation of many SMEs. Aba Foods Limited, a well-known food and beverage company in Abia State, faced difficulties in securing long-term loans, preventing the replacement of its outdated equipment and leading to losses. To ensure continuity, the company considered mergers or acquisitions and entered discussions with Chief Egodi of Ifedi Group. Chief Egodi, concerned about the tax implications of potential arrangements, sought advice from your firm, Aliyara & Co., Chartered Accountants.

Required:
Provide a presentation in the form of advice:

(a) Explain the tax implications of Aba Foods Limited merging with Ifedi Foods and Beverage Limited, with Ifedi inheriting all assets and liabilities. (5 Marks)
(b) Explain the tax implications if Ifedi Foods and Beverage Limited is reconstituted to take over Aba Foods’ assets and liabilities. (5 Marks)
(c) Explain the tax implications if Ifedi Foods and Aba Foods enter a Joint Venture or Partnership Agreement. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – May 2022 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Government Revenue

Identify the powers and functions of state boards of internal revenue and other agencies in revenue generation.

Revenue generation is an important role carried out by some agencies of government with a view to meeting the expenditure of government, required for taking care of the welfare of the citizens. Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission Act 1989 specifically mentioned some powers and functions of the Commission.

Required:
a. Identify FOUR powers and responsibilities of State Board of Internal Revenue Service in Nigeria. (4 Marks)
b. Explain FOUR specific functions of the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR). (4 Marks)
c. Highlight SIX powers entrusted to the Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission. (6 Marks)
d. Explain THREE sources of revenue payable to the federation account in Nigeria. (6 Marks)

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  • 4 Marks

TAX – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q2b – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Discussion of the tax complexities arising from e-commerce and e-business.

“E-commerce” and e-business present a major challenge for tax administrators given the often multi-jurisdictional nature of the transactions and the potential anonymity of the parties. Based on the above, it is, therefore, crucial to give the subject a critical examination through the lenses of relevant statutes.

Required:
State the tax complexities of “e-commerce” and “e-business”. (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

TAX – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q1 – Taxation of Trusts and Estates

Calculation of net distributable income of a trust and assessable income of beneficiaries.

Chief Adio Jaiyesimi, a Chartered Accountant, died in London after a brief illness on June 10, 2015. He was survived by four children namely: Akeem; Ayodeji; Olabisi; and Adekunle. He created a trust for the benefits of his four children. The records of the trustee for the year ended December 31, 2020, have revealed the following:

Description Amount (N)
Adjusted trading profits for the year ended December 31, 2020 36,400,000
Dividend (gross) 305,000
Rental income (gross) 820,000
Interest received (gross) 118,500
Sundry income 24,800

Additional information:
(i) Fixed annuity paid to Deji, his first child: 81,000
(ii) Fixed remuneration for the trustee: 500,000
(iii) Variable remuneration of the trustee – 5% of gross income: 56
(iv) Allowable expenses of the trustee as agreed: 60,000
(v) Capital allowances as agreed with the Revenue: 395,000
(vi) Discretionary payments were made by the trustee in agreement with the trust deed as follows:

Beneficiary Amount (N)
Akeem 300,000
Ayodeji 250,000
Olabisi 220,000
Adekunle 180,000

(vii) One third of the distributable income is to be shared equally among the children.

Required:
a. Compute the net distributable income in the hands of the trustee. (13 Marks)
b. Compute the assessable income in the hands of each beneficiary. (7 Marks)

 

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  • 1 Marks

TAX – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q19 – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Objective question on the basis of assessment for an existing business.

For an existing business, the basis of assessment is:
A. Continuity basis
B. Accrual basis
C. Preceding year basis
D. Actual basis
E. Succeeding year basis

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  • 5 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q3c – Automatic Stabilizers vs Discretionary Fiscal Policies

Explain the difference between automatic stabilizers and discretionary fiscal policies with examples.

Some commentators in Ghana have argued that economic policymakers should allow automatic stabilizers to shape and direct the destiny of the economy rather than discretionary fiscal policies since the latter has failed woefully.

Required:
Distinguish between automatic stabilizers and discretionary fiscal policies as economic tools. Illustrate with examples.

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  • 10 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1a – Monetary vs Fiscal Policy and Tools

Comparison of monetary and fiscal policy and identification of key monetary policy tools used in Ghana.

a) Monetary policy and fiscal policy are two different tools that have an impact on the economic activity of a country. Policy adjustments and institutional safeguards are needed to ensure that the two policies remain firmly within the region of stability.

Required:

i) Distinguish between Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy.

ii) State FOUR monetary policy tools used in Ghana.

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  • 10 Marks

MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1a – Transfer Pricing

Explanation of three reasons why Kako PLC determines transfer pricing centrally.

Kako PLC is a multinational company with production divisions trading in many countries across the globe. Trade takes place between a number of the divisions in different countries, with intermediate products being transferred between them. Where a transfer takes place between divisions trading in different countries, it is the policy of the board of the company to determine centrally the right transfer price without reference to the managers in the division.

Required:

i) Explain THREE possible reasons for Kako PLC to determine transfer prices of goods from the head office.

ii) Explain TWO criticisms of the central determination of transfer pricing.

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2016 – L3 – SB – Q4 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate Gugi Plc.'s proposed investment in a foreign factory, considering costs, revenues, tax, and exchange rate impacts.

Gugi Plc. is a highly successful manufacturing company operating in Nigeria. In addition to sales within Nigeria, the company also exports to a foreign country (with currency F$) along the ECOWAS sub-region. The export sales generate annual net cash inflow of ₦50,000,000. Gugi Plc. is now considering whether to establish a factory in the foreign country and stop exporting from Nigeria to the country. The project is expected to cost F$1 billion, including F$200million for working capital.

A suitable existing factory has been located, and production could commence immediately. A payment of F$950million would be required immediately, with the remainder payable at the end of year one. The following additional information is available:

  • Annual production and sales in units: 110,000
  • Unit selling price: F$5,000
  • Unit variable cost: F$2,000
  • Unit royalty payable to Gugi Plc: ₦300
  • Incremental annual cash fixed costs: F$50million

Assume that the above cash items will remain constant throughout the expected life of the project of 4 years. At the end of year 4, it is estimated that the net realisable value of the non-current assets will be F$1.40billion.

It is the policy of the company to remit the maximum funds possible to the parent (i.e., Gugi Plc.) at the end of each year. Assume that there are no legal complications to prevent this.

If the new factory is set up and export to the foreign country is stopped, it is expected that new export markets of a similar worth in North Africa could replace the existing exports.

Production in Nigeria is at full capacity, and there are no plans for further capacity expansion.

Tax on the company’s profits is at a rate of 40% in both countries, payable one year in arrears. A double taxation agreement exists between Nigeria and the foreign country, and no double taxation is expected to arise. No withholding tax is levied on royalties payable from the foreign country to Nigeria.

Tax allowable “depreciation” is at a rate of 25% on a straight-line basis on all non-current assets.

The Directors of Gugi Plc. believe that the appropriate risk-adjusted cost of capital for the project is 13%.

Annual inflation rates in Nigeria and the foreign country are currently 5.6% and 10%, respectively. These rates are expected to remain constant in the foreseeable future. The current spot exchange rate is F$1.60 = N1. You may assume that the exchange rate reflects the purchasing power parity theorem.

Required:
a. Evaluate the proposed investment from the viewpoint of Gugi Plc.
Notes:
i. Show all workings and calculations to the nearest million.
ii. State all reasonable assumptions. (18 Marks)

b. State TWO further information and analysis that might be useful in the evaluation of this project?

(2 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2016 – L3 – Q3 – Income Taxes (IAS 12)

Discuss and account for deferred taxation arising from temporary differences using IAS 12 for Limelight Plc.

Limelight, a public limited company, is a major player in commodity brokerage and supplies. The following transactions relate to the year ended December 31, 2014.

Profit before taxation for the year was ₦487.5m. Taxable profit for the same period was ₦131.25m.

The balances of non-current assets of the company, at December 31, 2014:

N’000 Amount
Accounting carrying amount 937,500
Tax written down value 637,500

The balances above do not include a freehold building purchased in February 2014 for ₦750m. This building was revalued to ₦985m on December 31, 2014.

Accrued rental income on investment property at December 31, 2014, amounted to ₦9.75m. This income was credited to the statement of profit or loss as at year-end but was not received until three months after. Rental income is taxed by the Federal Inland Revenue Service on an actual basis when it is received.

No other temporary differences exist at December 31, 2014. Income tax and Withholding taxes on rental income are paid at 30% and 10% respectively, six months after the year.

Required:

a) Discuss the conceptual basis for the recognition of deferred taxation by Limelight Plc using the temporary difference approach in accordance with IAS 12, arising from the above transactions.

b (i) Outline how the above transactions should be accounted for using journal entries where appropriate.

b (ii) Calculate the provision for deferred tax after any necessary adjustments to the financial statements at December 31, 2014, and use journal entries.

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  • 15 Marks

AT – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q7 – Tax Implications of Mergers and Acquisitions

Advise on tax implications for Aba Foods merger/acquisition options with Ifedi Foods.

The prevailing economic condition has led to the business cessation of many SMEs. Aba Foods Limited, a well-known food and beverage company in Abia State, faced difficulties in securing long-term loans, preventing the replacement of its outdated equipment and leading to losses. To ensure continuity, the company considered mergers or acquisitions and entered discussions with Chief Egodi of Ifedi Group. Chief Egodi, concerned about the tax implications of potential arrangements, sought advice from your firm, Aliyara & Co., Chartered Accountants.

Required:
Provide a presentation in the form of advice:

(a) Explain the tax implications of Aba Foods Limited merging with Ifedi Foods and Beverage Limited, with Ifedi inheriting all assets and liabilities. (5 Marks)
(b) Explain the tax implications if Ifedi Foods and Beverage Limited is reconstituted to take over Aba Foods’ assets and liabilities. (5 Marks)
(c) Explain the tax implications if Ifedi Foods and Aba Foods enter a Joint Venture or Partnership Agreement. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – May 2022 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Government Revenue

Identify the powers and functions of state boards of internal revenue and other agencies in revenue generation.

Revenue generation is an important role carried out by some agencies of government with a view to meeting the expenditure of government, required for taking care of the welfare of the citizens. Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission Act 1989 specifically mentioned some powers and functions of the Commission.

Required:
a. Identify FOUR powers and responsibilities of State Board of Internal Revenue Service in Nigeria. (4 Marks)
b. Explain FOUR specific functions of the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR). (4 Marks)
c. Highlight SIX powers entrusted to the Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission. (6 Marks)
d. Explain THREE sources of revenue payable to the federation account in Nigeria. (6 Marks)

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  • 4 Marks

TAX – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q2b – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Discussion of the tax complexities arising from e-commerce and e-business.

“E-commerce” and e-business present a major challenge for tax administrators given the often multi-jurisdictional nature of the transactions and the potential anonymity of the parties. Based on the above, it is, therefore, crucial to give the subject a critical examination through the lenses of relevant statutes.

Required:
State the tax complexities of “e-commerce” and “e-business”. (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

TAX – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q1 – Taxation of Trusts and Estates

Calculation of net distributable income of a trust and assessable income of beneficiaries.

Chief Adio Jaiyesimi, a Chartered Accountant, died in London after a brief illness on June 10, 2015. He was survived by four children namely: Akeem; Ayodeji; Olabisi; and Adekunle. He created a trust for the benefits of his four children. The records of the trustee for the year ended December 31, 2020, have revealed the following:

Description Amount (N)
Adjusted trading profits for the year ended December 31, 2020 36,400,000
Dividend (gross) 305,000
Rental income (gross) 820,000
Interest received (gross) 118,500
Sundry income 24,800

Additional information:
(i) Fixed annuity paid to Deji, his first child: 81,000
(ii) Fixed remuneration for the trustee: 500,000
(iii) Variable remuneration of the trustee – 5% of gross income: 56
(iv) Allowable expenses of the trustee as agreed: 60,000
(v) Capital allowances as agreed with the Revenue: 395,000
(vi) Discretionary payments were made by the trustee in agreement with the trust deed as follows:

Beneficiary Amount (N)
Akeem 300,000
Ayodeji 250,000
Olabisi 220,000
Adekunle 180,000

(vii) One third of the distributable income is to be shared equally among the children.

Required:
a. Compute the net distributable income in the hands of the trustee. (13 Marks)
b. Compute the assessable income in the hands of each beneficiary. (7 Marks)

 

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  • 1 Marks

TAX – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q19 – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Objective question on the basis of assessment for an existing business.

For an existing business, the basis of assessment is:
A. Continuity basis
B. Accrual basis
C. Preceding year basis
D. Actual basis
E. Succeeding year basis

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