Question Tag: Marginal Costing

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  • 20 Marks

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q1a – Marginal and Absorption Costing

Prepares profit or loss statements using both marginal costing and absorption costing methods.

Profit or Loss Statement using Marginal and Absorption Costing
The following data has been extracted from the operating records of Agongon LTD for the last two quarters of the year to 31 December, 2023:

Quarter 3 4
Production units 8,400 10,200
Sales units 6,600 11,400

GH¢
Selling price per unit 120
Variable manufacturing cost per unit:

  • Direct material cost 24
  • Direct labour cost 18
  • Variable overheads 12

Fixed production overheads are budgeted at GH¢144,000 for a budgeted production of 9,600 units per quarter. These overheads are absorbed on a per-unit production basis.

Non-production overheads comprised:

  • Fixed administration expenses of GH¢48,000 per quarter
  • Selling and distribution expenses 10% of sales.

Required:
Prepare a statement of profit or loss for each quarter using:
a) The Marginal Costing technique
b) The Absorption Costing technique

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  • 20 Marks

PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4 – Decision-Making Techniques

Determine optimal production mix for maximizing profit using marginal costing and throughput accounting principles.

PK Limited manufactures two models of heavy-duty cooking racks suitable for restaurant kitchens and other commercial environments. Both models utilize the same types of raw materials and machine hours. No inventories are held. The sales budget for next year is as follows:

Model Sales Units Selling Price (N)
A 300,000 1,000
B 140,000 1,400

The following additional information is provided:

  • Cost data:
Model Material Cost (N) Variable Production Conversion Costs (N)
A 400 100
B 500 300
  • Fixed production overheads attributable to the manufacture of both models total N40,500,000.
  • Production is completed in the machining department, where the production rate per hour is:
    • Model A: 12.5 units
    • Model B: 10 units
  • Machine hours are limited to 30,000 hours.

Required:

a. Using marginal costing principles, calculate the optimal mix (units) of each model that will maximize net profit, and indicate the value of the net profit. (5 Marks)

b. Calculate the throughput accounting ratio for each model and briefly discuss when a product is worth producing under throughput accounting principles. Assume that the variable overhead cost, amounting to N24 million for the chosen product mix in part (a), is fixed in the short term. (7 Marks)

c. Using throughput accounting principles, advise management on the quantities of each model to produce for maximizing profit and provide a projected net profit for PK Limited next year. (5 Marks)

d. Explain two ways in which the concept of ‘contribution’ in throughput accounting differs from its use in marginal costing. (3 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

PM – May 2015 – L2 – SB – Q6 – Costing Systems and Techniques-

Determine the most profitable product mix for Markus Limited, and prepare a profitability statement for the optimal product mix.

Markus Limited manufactures three products and operates a marginal costing system.

The following information has been extracted from the company’s records:

Products X Y Z
Units budgeted to be produced and sold 3,600 6,000 3,400
Selling Price (₦) 120 110 100
Requirement per Unit:
Direct Material (kg) 5 3 4
Direct Labour (Hours) 4 3 2
Direct Labour Hour rate (₦) 4 4 4
Direct Material Cost per Kg (₦) 8 8 8
Variable Overheads (₦) 14 26 16
Fixed Overheads (₦) 20 20 20
Maximum possible sales (units) 8,000 10,000 3,000

All the three products are produced from the same direct material using the same types of machine and labour. Direct labour, which is the key factor, is limited to 37,200 hours.

Required: a. Determine the most profitable product mix. (6 Marks)
b. Prepare a statement of profitability for the product mix. (9 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

PM – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q4 – Costing Systems and Techniques

Evaluate profitability for kettles and cooking pots under material and labour constraints for Paly Limited.

Paly Limited, a cottage manufacturer of aluminium products, specialises in producing kettles and cooking pots with annual sales value of N960,000 and N1,440,000 respectively.

Given below are the cost data of each of the products:

  • The company allows for annual 50 weeks of operation at 40 hours per week with the following employees currently engaged in each department:
Department Number of Employees
1 30
2 16
3 18

Required:

(a) Which product would give the maximum profit, and what are the associated problems that could arise? (10 Marks)

(b) Determine which product should be made and the annual profit if the product uses the same direct materials but with a maximum supply limit of N3,000,000 per annum. (5 Marks)

(c) Which product should be made, and what is the annual profit, assuming there is a shortage of skilled employees for Department 2? (5 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

PM – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q1 – Costing Systems and Techniques

Calculation of machine utilization rates, identification of bottlenecks, and application of throughput accounting.

Tani Kamac (TK) makes three products A, B, and C. All three products must be offered for sale each month to provide a complete market service. The products are fragile, and their quality deteriorates rapidly once they are manufactured. The products are produced on two types of machines and worked on by a single grade of direct labor. Five direct employees are paid ₦80 per hour for a guaranteed minimum of 160 hours each per month. All products are first molded on machine type 1 and then finished and sealed on machine type 2. The machine hours required for each product are as follows:

Product A (hrs/unit) Product B (hrs/unit) Product C (hrs/unit)
Machine 1 1.5 4.5 3.0
Machine 2 1.0 2.5 2.0

The capacity of machine type 1 is 600 hours per month, and machine type 2 is 500 hours per month.

Additional details:

Product A Product B Product C
Selling Price (₦) 910 1,740 1,400
Component Cost (₦) 220 190 160
Other Direct Material Cost (₦) 230 110 140
Direct Labor Cost at ₦80/hr 60 480 360
Overheads (₦) 240 620 520
Profit (₦) 160 340 220
Maximum Monthly Demand (units) 120 70 60

TK uses marginal costing and contribution analysis for decision-making, while profits are reported using absorption costing.

Required:
a. Calculate the machine utilization rate per month for each machine and explain which of the machines is the bottleneck/limiting factor. (4 Marks)
b. Using the current system of marginal and contribution analysis, calculate the profit-maximizing monthly output of the three products. (4 Marks)
c. Explain why throughput accounting might provide more relevant information in TK’s circumstances. (6 Marks)
d. Using a throughput approach, calculate the throughput-maximizing monthly output of the three products. (5 Marks)
e. Explain the throughput accounting approach to optimizing inventory and its valuation. Contrast this approach to the current system used by TK. (5 Marks)
f. Explain the importance of identifying scarce resources when preparing budgets and the use of linear programming to determine the optimum use of resources. (6 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

PM – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q1 – Decision Making Techniques

Evaluate profit maximization, machine bottlenecks, and inventory valuation using marginal and throughput accounting approaches.

Hicenta Limited makes three products Soyi, Milco and Yoghurt. All the three
products must be offered for sale each month in order to provide a complete
market service. The products are fragile and their quality deteriorates rapidly
shortly after production.
The products are produced on two types of machine and worked on by a single
grade of direct labour. Fifty direct employees are paid N80 per hour for a
guaranteed minimum of 160 hours per month.
All the products are first pasteurised on a machine type A and then finished
and sealed on a machine type B.
The machine hour requirements for each of the products are as follows:

Machine Information:

Machine Type Product Hours per Unit
Machine A Soyi 1.5
Machine A Milco 4.5
Machine A Yoghurt 3.0
Machine B Soyi 1.0
Machine B Milco 2.5
Machine B Yoghurt 2.0

The capacity of the available machines type A and B are 6,000 hours and 5,000
hours per month respectively. Details of the selling prices, unit costs and
monthly demand for the three products are as follows:

Product Costs and Demand:

Product Selling Price (N per unit) Concentrate Cost (N per unit) Other Direct Material Cost (N per unit) Direct Labour Cost (N per unit) Overheads (N per unit) Profit (N per unit) Maximum Monthly Demand (units)
Soyi 910 220 230 60 240 160 1,200
Milco 1,740 190 110 480 620 340 700
Yoghurt 1,400 160 140 360 520 220 600

Although, Hicenta Limited uses marginal costing and contribution analysis as
the basis for its decision making activities, profits are reported in the monthly
management accounts using the absorption costing basis. Finished goods
inventories are valued in the monthly management accounts at full absorption
cost.
You are required to:

a. Calculate the monthly machine utilisation rate for each product and
explain which of the machines is the bottleneck/limiting factor.
(6 Marks)
b. Use current system of marginal costing and contribution analysis to
calculate the profit maximising monthly output of the three products.
(6 Marks)
c. Explain why throughput accounting might provide more relevant
information in Hicenta‟s circumstances. (6 Marks)
d. Use a throughput approach to calculate the throughput-maximising
monthly output of the three products. (6 Marks)
e. Explain the throughput accounting approach to optimizing the level of
inventory and its valuation. Contrast this approach to the current system
employed by Hicenta. (6 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

PM – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q1b – Decision-Making Techniques

Discuss management accounting techniques and principles that aid decision-making in scenarios like production reduction or factory closure.

b. Discuss the management accounting technique and principle that a management accountant will apply in preparing calculations to support management decisions in such a circumstance as above. (10 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

PM – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q3 – Standard Costing and Variance Analysis

Reconcile budgeted and actual profit using variance analysis and evaluate fixed overheads under absorption costing.

Toma Paste Nigeria Limited produces tomato paste which serves as an alternative for an immediate stew for working mothers instead of using fresh tomatoes. For the forthcoming period, the company’s budgeted fixed costs were ₦600,000 and budgeted production and sales were 13,000 units.

The product has the following standard cost:

Description Cost (N)
Selling price 500
Materials: 5kg @ ₦40/kg 200
Labour: 3hrs @ ₦40/hr 120
Variable overheads: 3hrs @ ₦30/hr 90

Actual results for the period were:

  • 11,000 units were made and sold, earning revenue of ₦5,720,000.
  • 66,000 kg of materials were bought at a cost of ₦2,970,000, but only 63,000 kg were used.
  • 36,000 hours of labour were paid for at a cost of ₦1,422,000.
  • The total cost for variable overheads was ₦1,170,700 and fixed costs were ₦400,000.

The company uses marginal costing and values all inventory at standard cost.

Required:
a. Prepare a statement reconciling actual and budgeted profit using appropriate variances. (12 Marks)
b. Recalculate the fixed production overhead variances, assuming the company uses absorption costing. (4 Marks)
c. Discuss possible causes for the labour variances you have calculated. (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

PM – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q2 – Costing Systems and Techniques

Analyze the profit-maximizing output using marginal costing and throughput accounting for two products, and compare both methods.

Ideal Nigeria Limited manufactures two products, Light and Medium, on the same machines. Sales demand for the products exceeds the machine capacity of the company’s production department. The potential sales demand in each period is for 10,000 units of Light and 15,000 units of Medium. Sales prices cannot be increased due to competition from other producers in the market. The maximum machine capacity in the production department is 40,000 hours in each period.

The following cost and profitability estimates have been prepared:

Light Medium
Sales price N110 N135
Direct materials N50 N45
Direct labour and variable overhead N30 N55
Contribution per unit N30 N35
Machine hours per unit 1.5 hours 2 hours

Fixed costs in each period are N450,000.

Required:
a. Using marginal costing principles, calculate the profit-maximizing output in each period, and the amount of profit. (4 Marks)
b. Explain how throughput accounting differs from marginal costing in its approach to maximizing profit. (4 Marks)
c. Using throughput accounting, calculate the throughput accounting ratio for Light and Medium. (8 Marks)
d. Using throughput accounting principles, calculate the profit-maximizing output in each period, and the amount of profit. (4 Marks)

 

 

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  • 20 Marks

PM – Nov 2021 – L2 – Q3 – Costing Systems and Techniques

Calculate profit-maximizing output using both marginal and throughput accounting principles and compare the approaches for Kahkiri Limited.

The following cost and profitability estimates have been prepared:

Product X Y
Sales price 44 54
Direct materials 20 18
Direct Labour 6 11
Variable overhead 6 11
Contribution per unit 12 14
Attributable fixed cost N10,000 N10,000
Machine hours per unit 1.5 hours 2 hours

Fixed costs in each period are N100,000.

Required:
a. Using marginal costing approach, calculate the profit-maximising output for the period, and the associated profit for each product and the company. (4 Marks)
b. What are the advantages of throughput accounting over marginal costing method in profit-maximising decisions? (4 Marks)
c. Calculate the throughput accounting ratio for Product X and for Product Y. (8 Marks)
d. Using throughput accounting principles, calculate the profit-maximising output in each period, and calculate the amount of the profit. (4 Marks)

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  • 8 Marks

MI – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q1a – Costing Methods

State two advantages and two disadvantages of absorption and marginal costing.

State any TWO advantages and any TWO disadvantages of absorption and marginal costing.
(8 Marks)

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  • 1 Marks

MI – May 2016 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Costing Techniques

Calculate the net profit using marginal costing based on given absorption costing profit and inventory data.

The net profit was N2,650,000 using absorption costing and the closing inventory was 14,600 units. Production overhead absorption rate was N18.50 per unit. If the Non-production absorption rate was N14.00 per unit, then the net profit using marginal costing is:
A. N2,379,900
B. N2,445,600
C. N2,650,000
D. N2,854,400
E. N2,920,100

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  • 1 Marks

MI – May 2024 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Costing Techniques

Calculates the fixed cost based on total cost and activity levels.

The following data were extracted from UVW Limited for a single product V: Activity (units) Total Cost (N) 144,000 3,624,000 842,000 12,000,000 Calculate the value of fixed cost.

A. N8,376,000
B. N6,200,000
C. N3,264,000
D. N1,896,500
E. N1,896,000

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  • 1 Marks

MI – May 2024 – L1 – SA – Q5 -Budgeting

Identifies the budgeting process that adjusts costs based on activity levels.

A budgeting process that analyses costs into their fixed and variable elements using the actual activity levels is referred to as:

A. Fixed Budgeting
B. Flexible Budgeting
C. Activity Based Budgeting
D. Zero Based Budgeting
E. Marginal Costing

 

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  • 15 Marks

MA – July 2023 – L2 – Q2a – Budgetary control

This question involves preparing a statement to reconcile the budgeted contribution with the actual contribution using marginal costing principles and detailed variance analysis.

Bekwai manufactures and sells a single product. The company operates a standard marginal costing system and a just-in-time purchasing and production system. No inventory of raw materials or finished goods is held.

Details of the budget and actual data for the period are as follows:

Budget data:

Standard production cost per unit:
Direct material: 8kg @ GH¢10.80 per kg 86.40
Direct labour: 1.25 hours @ GH¢18.00 per hour 22.50
Variable overheads: 1.25 hours @ GH¢6.00 per hour 7.50

Standard selling price: GH¢180 per unit
Budgeted fixed production overheads: GH¢170,000
Budgeted production and sales: 10,000 units

Actual data:

  • Direct material: 74,000 kg @ GH¢11.20 per kg
  • Direct labour: 10,800 hours @ GH¢19.00 per hour
  • Variable overheads: GH¢70,000
  • Actual selling price: GH¢184 per unit
  • Actual fixed production overheads: GH¢168,000
  • Actual production and sales: 9,000 units

Required:
Using marginal costing principles, prepare a statement that reconciles the budgeted contribution and the actual contribution. (Your statement should show the variances in as much detail as possible).
(15 marks)

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  • 18 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q3b – Relevant cost and revenue

Analysis of machine utilization, identification of bottlenecks, and comparison of marginal costing versus throughput accounting in a production setting.

KYC Ltd makes three products: Hand Chew (HC), Yogurt Swallow (YS), and Canned Lick (CL). All three products are sold as a package and so are offered for sale each month to be able to provide a complete market service. The products are fragile, and their quality deteriorates rapidly once they are manufactured. The products are produced on two types of machines and worked on by a single grade of direct labour. Five direct employees are paid GH¢8 per hour for a guaranteed minimum of 160 hours each per month. All of the products are first molded on machine type 1 and then finished and sealed on machine type 2. The machine hour requirements for each of the products are as follows:

Product Machine Type 1 (Hours/Unit) Machine Type 2 (Hours/Unit)
HC 1.5 1
YS 4.5 2.5
CL 3 2

The capacity of the available machines type 1 and 2 are 600 hours and 500 hours per month respectively. Details of the selling prices, unit costs, and monthly demand for the three products are as follows:

Product HC (GH¢/Unit) YS (GH¢/Unit) CL (GH¢/Unit)
Selling price 91 174 140
Component cost 22 19 16
Other direct material cost 23 11 14
Direct labour cost at GH¢8 per hour 6 48 36
Overheads 24 62 52
Profit 16 34 22

Maximum monthly demand (units):

  • HC: 120
  • YS: 70
  • CL: 60

Although KYC Ltd uses marginal costing and contribution analysis as the basis for its decision-making activities, profits are reported in the monthly management accounts using the absorption costing basis. Finished goods (inventories) are valued in the monthly management accounts at full absorption cost.

Required:

i) Calculate the machine utilization rate per month for each machine and explain which of the machines is the bottleneck/limiting factor. (4 marks)

ii) Using the current system of marginal costing and contribution analysis, calculate the profit-maximizing monthly output of the three products. (5 marks)

iii) Explain why throughput accounting might provide more relevant information in KYC’s circumstances. (4 marks)

iv) Using a throughput approach, calculate the throughput-maximizing monthly output of the three products. (5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

MA – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q1 – Budgetary Control

Prepare a financial analysis statement showing the current annual forecast of costs, revenues, and profits for the years 2019-2021 for a motor car manufacturer.

A motor car manufacturer has been specializing in the production and sale of Bedford model cars. The model is somewhat outmoded, and the current sales forecast indicates that the current (2018) sales level of 150,000 will be the same as in 2019 but will decline to 130,000 cars in 2020 and 110,000 cars in 2021. The company supplies according to orders received, and no stocks are held. Carbon monoxide emission regulations will prevent the model from being manufactured and sold after December 2021.

The company’s current estimates of the selling price and costs in 2019 are as follows:

Per car (GH¢) Amount (GH¢)
Selling Price 11,200
Production costs:
– Material and Labour (vary with production volume) 3,600
– Assembly 4,000
– Delivery 2,500
  • 75% and 40% of the assembly and delivery costs respectively are fixed, and the remainder vary with production volume.
  • In addition, the company estimates that it will incur the following non-production costs:
    • Marketing costs of GH¢60 million would be amortized on a straight-line basis over three years.
    • The Administration costs of GH¢10 million are fixed per annum.
    • The selling price, variable costs per car, and total fixed costs are expected to remain constant throughout the period from 2019 to 2021.

The company’s Managing Director is unhappy with the current annual profit forecasts for 2019–2021 based on the information above and believes that the company has the potential to increase the profit to a desired level of GH¢245 million in each of the years 2019 to 2021. The Managing Director has undertaken a strategic review and developed the following strategies to eliminate the gap:

Strategy 1: A marketing proposal will enable the company to enter a new overseas market with the result that the total (including the overseas market) sales level will be stabilized at 160,000 cars per annum from 2019 to 2021. The market entry costs will be GH¢30 million for each of the three years.

Strategy 2: A re-design of the car will enhance its sales appeal and will permit the company to increase its selling price to GH¢12,000. The re-design costs are GH¢30 million and are to be amortized over three years on a straight-line basis.

Strategy 3: A radical cost reduction program will improve efficiency and lower all variable costs by 20%. This will add GH¢70 million to the annual fixed overheads each year from 2019 to 2021.

Required:

a) Prepare a financial analysis statement showing the current annual forecast of costs, revenues, and profits for each of the years 2019 to 2021 and briefly comment on the figures. (Ignore the time value of money)

b) Calculate the profit gap for 2019, 2020, and 2021.

c) Estimate the profit in 2019 if:

i) Strategy 1 was implemented;
ii) Strategy 2 was implemented;
iii) Strategy 3 was implemented.

d) Evaluate which strategy to implement

 

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  • 15 Marks

MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q3a – Standard costing and variance analysis

Calculate the budgeted fixed production overhead costs and prepare profit statements using marginal and absorption costing.

Bosco Ltd makes and sells one product. Currently, it uses absorption costing to measure profits and inventory values. The budgeted production cost per unit is as follows:

Item Cost (GH¢)
Direct labour (3 hours at GH¢6 per hour) 18
Direct materials (4 kilograms at GH¢7 per kilo) 28
Production Overhead (Fixed cost) 20
Total Cost per Unit 66

Normal output volume is 16,000 units per year, and this volume is used to establish the fixed overhead absorption rate for each year. Costs relating to sales, distribution, and administration are:

  • Variable: 20% of sales value
  • Fixed: GH¢180,000 per year

There were no units of finished goods inventory on 1st October 2015. The fixed overhead expenditure is spread evenly throughout the year. The selling price per unit is GH¢140. For the two six-monthly periods detailed below, the number of units to be produced and sold are budgeted as follows:

Period Production (units) Sales (units)
Six months ending 31st March 2016 8,500 7,000
Six months ending 30th September 2016 7,000 8,000

The entity is considering whether to abandon absorption costing and use marginal costing instead for profit reporting and inventory valuation.

Required:

i) Calculate the budgeted fixed production overhead costs for each of the six-monthly periods. (3 marks)

ii) Prepare profit statements for management using:

  • Marginal costing
  • Absorption costing

(9 marks)

iii) Prepare an explanatory statement reconciling the profits under marginal costing with those of absorption costing.

(3 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

MA – May 2016 – L2 – Q3 – Transfer Pricing, Divisional Performance, Relevant Cost and Revenue, Decision Making Techniques

Calculate profitability under different costing methods and evaluate an outsourcing offer, including additional decision factors.

Anim Shoes Ltd produces and sells Ghana-made shoes with two main departments: production/sales and repairs departments. The production and sales department produces and sells 10,000 pairs of shoes each year. Due to the low quality of raw materials available in the country, the company includes an additional GH¢11 in the cost of a pair of shoes sold to cater for one-year after-sales repairs. On average, it is expected that a quarter of the total pairs of shoes sold would come back for repairs a year after sale. Repair works on a pair of shoes take 2 labour hours, and it is estimated that total repair cost on the quarter of shoes will be GH¢27,500.

In addition to providing repair services to the production and sales department, the repair department sometimes picks up offers from outside the company. Such external offers are billed at full cost and a margin on sales of 20%. The following is the breakdown of the average repair cost of a pair of shoes:

Cost Item Cost (GH¢)
Material 2.50
Labour (1.5 per hour) 3.00
Variable Overheads 1.00
Fixed Overheads 2.30

Required:

i) Calculate the individual profits of the Production/Sales department, Repairs department, and Anim Ventures if repairs are done by the repairs department of Anim Ventures at either full cost plus 20% margin on sales or at marginal cost.
(8 marks)

ii) Pee Shoe Repairs has offered to repair each pair of shoes for Anim Ventures at GH¢10.00, a price which is cheaper than what the repairs department is offering. Should Anim Ventures accept this offer?
(5 marks)

iii) Identify THREE other factors Anim Ventures should consider in finalizing the decision in (ii) above.
(3 marks)

iv) Explain TWO principles of a good transfer pricing method.
(4 marks)

 

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  • 20 Marks

IMAC – NOV 2023 – L1 – Q1 – Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing

Prepare profit statements for January and February 2023 using marginal costing and absorption costing methods.

Alokome Plc is a company that produces and sells one product “Iga”. Information relating to the operations of Alokome Plc for the first two months of 2023 is as follows:

i) Iga sells for GH₵500 per unit.
ii) There were no inventories of Iga at the end of December 2022.
iii) Other relevant information is as follows:

Cost Element GH₵
Direct material and wages 220
Variable production overhead 30

Budgeted and actual costs per month:

Cost Element GH₵
Fixed production overhead 990,000
Fixed selling and administrative expenses 400,000
Variable selling expenses 12.5% of sales

Normal capacity: 110,000 units per month

Number of units produced and sold:

Month Sales (units) Production (units)
January 128,000 140,000
February 110,000 102,000

Required:
Using the information above, prepare in a columnar form profit statements for January and February 2023 using:
a) Marginal costing (10 marks)
b) Absorption costing (10 marks)

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