Question Tag: Equity

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FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Business Valuation Techniques

Calculate the equity value of APL using SVA and outline three methods for funding the MBO.

Question

Aderupoko Plc (ADP), a large listed media group, has been the holding company of Adamu Publishers Limited (APL) since 2015. The publishing company (APL) is 100% owned by ADP since inception.

Recently, the directors of APL informed ADP’s board of their readiness to make a management buy-out (MBO) of APL. Accordingly, ADP’s board decided to value APL using the shareholder value analysis method (SVA). ADP’s board estimates that APL has a four-year competitive advantage over its competitors (to 30 September 2024) and the following data regarding APL’s value drivers and additional financial information has been collected:

Year to 30 September	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025+
Sales growth (%)	5%	4%	3%	2%	0%
Operating profit margin	8%	9%	10%	10%	10%
Incremental non-current asset investment (% of sales increase)	5%	6%	3%	2%	0%
Incremental working capital investment (% of sales increase)	6%	5%	4%	4%	0%

Financial Information:

Sales for the current year to 30 September 2020: ₦80 million
Annual depreciation (equal to annual replacement of non-current asset expenditure): ₦2.0 million
Par value of 6% debentures in issue (current market value ₦95.00, nominal value ₦100): ₦10.0 million
Short-term investments held: ₦0.8 million
Company tax rate: 20%
Current WACC: 10%

Required:

a. Calculate the value of APL’s equity using SVA.

(12 Marks)

b. Outline three methods by which APL’s directors might raise the funds necessary for the proposed MBO of the company. (3 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Competitive Advantage, Equity, Funding Methods, MBO, SVA, Valuation
Level: Level 3

Topic: Business Valuation Techniques
Series: NOV 2022

BL – Nov 2020 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Partnership Law

Objective questions testing knowledge on Nigerian government functions, customary law, and partnership structures.

Question

A partnership in which all members are involved in the management of the firm’s business is
A. General partnership
B. Government partnership
C. Limited partnership
D. Active partnership
E. Supreme partnership

Answer

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Tags: Equity, Natural Justice, Partnership Types
Level: Level 1

Topic: Partnership Law
Series: NOV 2020

FR – May 2017 – L2 – SB – Q5 – Preparation of Financial Statements

Discuss distinguishing features of debt and equity presentation under IFRS and explain the impact of classification on financial statements.

Question

The difference between debt and equity in an entity’s statement of financial position is not easily distinguishable for preparers of financial statements. Debts and equity financial instruments may have similar characteristics, which may lead to inconsistency of reporting.

Required:

Discuss the main distinguishing features in the presentation of debt and equity under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) with clear examples.
(10 Marks)
Explain why it is important for entities to understand the impact of the classification of a financial instrument as debt or equity in the financial statement.
(5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Classification, Consistency, Debt, Equity, Financial instruments, IFRS, Presentation
Level: Level 2

Topic: Preparation of Financial Statements
Series: MAY 2017

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SB – Q6 – Financial Instruments (IAS 32)

Discuss how to treat transactions of debt and equity instruments in Akwa Nig. Limited under IAS 32.

Question

Akwa Nig. Limited is a private limited company planning to be registered with the Nigeria Exchange Limited (NGX). The company is engaged in the conversion of petrol engines into compressed gas engines.

The following are the transactions of the company in respect of its debts and equity instruments.

Transaction 1:
Akwa Nig. Limited issued 40 million non-redeemable N1 preference shares at par value. Under the terms relating to the preference shares, a dividend is payable on the preference shares only if Akwa Nig. Limited also pays a dividend on its ordinary shares for the same period. (5 Marks)

Transaction 2:
Akwa Nig. Limited entered into a contract with a supplier to buy a significant item of equipment. Under the terms of the agreement, the supplier will receive ordinary shares with an equivalent value of N5 million one year after the equipment is delivered. (5 Marks)

Transaction 3:
The directors of Akwa Nig. Limited, on becoming directors, are required to invest a fixed agreed sum of money in a special class of N1 ordinary shares that only directors hold. Dividend payments on the shares are discretionary and are ratified at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the company. When a director’s service contract expires, Akwa Nig. Limited is required to repurchase the shares at their nominal value. (5 Marks)

A senior accountant in your company (Akwa Nig. Limited) has asked for your advice on how the above transactions should be treated in the financial statements of your company in accordance with IAS 32 – Financial Instruments: Presentation.

Required:
Write a memo on the above request, discussing and justifying how each of the transactions should be treated in the financial statements, in accordance with IAS 32 – Financial Instruments: Presentation.

Answer

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Tags: Debt, Equity, Financial instruments, Financial Statements, IAS 32, Preference shares
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Instruments (IAS 32, IFRS 9)
Series: MAY 2024

FR – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q5 – Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS 10)

Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position and calculate goodwill and non-controlling interest for UDO Group Plc.

Question

The trial balance of UDO Plc and its subsidiary, ALOMA Plc, as at December 31, 2014, is given below:

UDO Plc acquired 75% of ALOMA Plc on January 1, 2014, for N1,300,000,000, when the retained earnings of ALOMA Plc were N600 million and the share premium was N170 million. Neither the acquisition nor the loan notes obtained to finance the purchase were recorded in the trial balance. There has been no impairment of goodwill, and no change in share capital since acquisition. It is the group policy to value the non-controlling interest at fair value, which was estimated to be N160 million.

Required:
Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position of UDO Group Plc as at December 31, 2014.

Answer

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Tags: consolidated financial statements, Equity, Goodwill, Group Accounts, IFRS 10, Non-Controlling Interest
Level: Level 2

Topic: Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS 10)
Series: NOV 2015

BL – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q1 – Sources of Nigerian Law

Identifying the problem equity sought to address in common law.

Question

Which problem of common law was equity developed to solve?

A. Age
B. Weight
C. Power
D. Harshness
E. Hegemony

Answer

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Tags: Business Law, Common Law, Equity, Nigerian Legal System
Level: Level 1

Topic: Sources of Nigerian Law
Series: MAY 2012

BL – Nov 2012 – L1 – SB – Q1A – Introduction to Law

List the seven key maxims of equity.

Question

State SEVEN maxims of equity.

Answer

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Tags: Equity, Legal Concepts, Maxims
Level: Level 1

Topic: Introduction to Law
Series: NOV 2012

TAX – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q1 – Introduction to Taxation

Multiple-choice question assessing knowledge of the principles of taxation.

Question

Which of the following is NOT a principle of taxation?
A. Equity
B. Certainty
C. Convenience
D. Simplicity
E. Residency

Answer

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Tags: Certainty, Convenience, Equity, Residency, Simplicity, Tax Principles
Level: Level 1

Topic: Introduction to Taxation
Series: MAY 2021

BL – Nov 2012 – L1 – SA – Q1 – Sources of Nigerian Law

Identify which of the options is not a Nigerian statute.

Question

Which of the following is NOT a Nigerian statute?

A. Equity
B. Decree
C. Act of Parliament
D. Edict
E. Bye-law

Answer

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Tags: Acts of Parliament, Equity, Legal Systems, Nigerian Statutes
Level: Level 1

Topic: Sources of Nigerian Law
Series: NOV 2012

FA – Nov 2012 – L1 – SB – Q40 – Elements of Financial Statements

Calculate the dividend payable to ordinary shareholders.

Question

If a 10% dividend is approved, what is the dividend payable to ordinary shareholders?

Answer

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Tags: Dividends, Equity, Shareholders
Level: Level 1

Topic: Elements of Financial Statements
Series: NOV 2012

AA – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3b – Audit and Assurance Evidence

This question asks for the verification procedures to be followed for assets, liabilities, and equity in an audit.

Question

Automech Ltd is a manufacturer of automotive parts based in Ghana. The company’s accountant has been manipulating the accounts payable balance by teeming and lading to misrepresent the financial position of the company. The accountant has been recording fictitious invoices and payments to suppliers to increase the accounts payable balance and misrepresent the company’s expenses.

The external auditor, who was engaged to audit the financial statements of the company, performed substantive testing for transaction cycles and verification procedures for assets, liabilities, and equity items. However, the auditor failed to identify the risk of teeming and lading in the accounts payable balance.

During the audit, the auditor reviewed the accounts payable balance and performed confirmation procedures to verify the balance with the suppliers. However, the accountant had provided the auditor with fake confirmation responses, and the auditor failed to detect the fraud.

Although the financial statements of Automech Ltd were misstated, the Auditor issued an unqualified opinion, stating that the financial statements were presented fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. After the audit, the fraud was discovered by a whistle-blower, and the accountant was fired. The company’s reputation was damaged, and the external auditor faced legal action for failing to detect the fraud.

Required:
State and explain the procedures that should be followed for verification of assets, liabilities, and equity items in Automech Ltd.
(10 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Assets, Audit evidence, Equity, Liabilities, Verification procedures
Level: Level 2

Topic: Audit and Assurance Evidence
Series: NOV 2023

QT – Nov 2016 – L1 – Q4b – Mathematics of Business Finance

Calculate the monthly amortization payments, total interest, and equity for a house loan at 9% interest over 25 years.

Question

Maame TorTor has just purchased a GH¢70,000.00 house and made a down payment of GH¢15,000.00.

Required:
i) Determine how much money is needed to amortize (i.e., pay monthly) the balance at a 9% interest rate compounded annually for 25 years. (5 marks)
ii) Determine the total interest for the 25 years. (2 marks)
iii) Determine after 20 years the equity she has in the house. (3 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Equity, Financial Calculations, Interest, Loan amortization
Level: Level 1

Topic: Mathematics of Business Finance
Series: NOV 2016

PT – July 2023 – L2 – Q1a – Overview of the Ghanaian Tax System and Fiscal Policy

Explanation of how the characteristics of a good tax system can improve Ghana’s tax system.

Question

Adam Smith, reputed as the father of economics, postulated the characteristics of a good tax system as: “equity”, “certainty”, “convenience”, and “economy”. These postulates are still as relevant today as they were in Adam Smith’s days.

Required:
Explain how these characteristics of a good tax system can be employed by the Finance Minister of Ghana to improve the tax system of Ghana. (5 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Adam Smith, Certainty, Convenience, Economy, Equity, Tax System
Level: Level 2

Topic: Overview of the Ghanaian Tax System and Fiscal Policy
Series: JULY 2023

CR – May 2018 – L3 – Q2c – Financial instruments: Recognition and measurement Corporate reporting

Show the accounting treatment for a convertible loan note under IFRS 9 for income statement and financial position.

Question

Alfa Limited issued a GH¢5,000,000 18% convertible loan note at par on 1 July 2015 with interest payable annually in arrears. Three years later, on 30 June 2018, the loan note becomes convertible into equity shares on the basis of GH¢100 of loan note for 50 equity shares, or it may be redeemed at par in cash at the option of the loan note holder. The Financial Accountant of Alfa Limited has observed that the use of a convertible loan note was preferable to a non-convertible loan note as the latter would have required an interest rate of 24% in order to make it attractive to investors.

The present value of GH¢1 receivable at the end of the year, based on discount rates of 18% and 24%, can be taken as:

Year	18%	24%
1	0.847	0.806
2	0.718	0.650
3	0.609	0.524

Required:
Show the accounting treatments for the convertible loan note in Alfa Limited’s:
i) income statement for the years ended 30 June 2016, 2017, and 2018. (3 marks)
ii) statement of financial position as at 30 June 2016, 2017, and 2018. (4 marks)
(Note: Assume that the share option is taken at the end of June 30, 2018.)

Answer

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Tags: Convertible Loan Note, Equity, Financial instruments, IFRS 9, Income Statement, Statement of Financial Position
Level: Level 3

Topic: Financial instruments: Recognition and measurement Corporate reporting
Series: MAY 2018

CR – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q4 – Presentation of financial statements

Prepare a statement of changes in equity for Ahomka Ltd for the years ended 30 April 2016 and 2017.

Question

Ahomka Ltd is a public listed manufacturing company. Its summarised financial statements for the year ended 30 April 2017 (and 2016 comparatives) are as follows:

The following additional information is available:
i) There were no additions to, or disposals of, non-current assets during the year.
ii) In order to help cash flows, the company made a rights issue of shares during the year ending 30 April 2017, all of which ranked for dividend. No shares were issued during the year ended 30 April 2016.
iii) The dividend per share has been reduced by 50% for the year ended 30 April 2017.

Required:
a) Prepare a statement of changes in equity for years ended 30 April 2016 and 2017 for Ahomka Ltd as the above information permits.

b) Analyze and discuss the financial performance and financial position of Ahomka Ltd as portrayed in the financial statements and in the additional information provided. Your analysis should be supported by relevant ratios.

Answer

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Tags: Equity, Financial Statements, Revaluation Reserve, Statement of Changes in Equity
Level: Level 3

Topic: Presentation of financial statements
Series: NOV 2017

CR – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q3a – Other information in the annual report

Identify and explain three listing requirements for a company on the Ghana Stock Exchange.

Question

A company is said to be listed when its securities are approved to be bought and sold on the Stock Exchange. Newly issued shares cannot trade in the Over-The-Counter (OTC) Market before getting listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). You need to communicate this intention to the GSE and work with the Exchange’s listing requirements before the public floatation.

Required:
Identify and explain THREE requirements a company is expected to meet before it gets listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange.

Answer

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Tags: Capital Markets, Equity, Listing Requirements, Stock Exchange
Level: Level 3

Topic: Other information in the annual report
Series: NOV 2017

CR – Mar 2023 – L3 – Q2b – IAS 12: Income taxes

Discuss the appropriate accounting treatments for Sanda Ltd’s preference shares and deferred tax asset.

Question

Sanda Ltd, a consumer electronics company in Accra, faced a challenging year due to increased competition and COVID-19. Sanda Ltd has a year-end of 31 December 2021. The unaudited financial statements reported an operating loss, and debt covenant limits were close to being breached. The following occurred during the year:

i. On 1 January 2021, the Finance Director and CEO paid GH¢3 million each for preference shares that provide cumulative dividends of 7% per annum. These preference shares can either be converted into a fixed number of ordinary shares in three years or redeemed at par. The Finance Director suggested classifying the preference shares as equity.

ii. Sanda Ltd included a deferred tax asset in the statement of financial position based on losses incurred in the previous two years. The Finance Director asked the Accountant to include the deferred tax asset in full, expecting a return to profitability once funding issues are resolved.

Required:
With reference to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), discuss the appropriate accounting treatments which Sanda Ltd should adopt for the issues identified in i) and ii) and their impact on gearing as at 31 December 2021.

Answer

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Tags: Convertible Instruments, Deferred Tax, Equity, IAS 12, IAS 32
Level: Level 3

Topic: IAS 12: Income taxes
Series: MAR 2023

BCL – Nov 2018 – L1 – Q7b – Types of Capital and the Financing of Companies

Types of Capital and the Financing of Companies

Question

State THREE (3) options that a company limited by shares has in raising capital to finance its operational activities. (6 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Capital raising, Company Law, Corporate finance, Debt Financing, Equity
Level: Level 1

Topic: Types of capital and the financing of companies
Series: NOV 2018

BCL – Dec2022 – Q1a – Sources of Law

Address the doctrines of equity, equitable remedies, and statutory interpretation in a contractual dispute.

Question

Question:
Paa Nii who resides in the UK sent an amount equivalent to GH¢1,500,000 to his nephew, Dennis, as part payment for the purchase of a house at Trassacco Springs. Paa Nii further sent regular installments to Dennis’ personal account to be given to the vendors. Paa Nii confirmed that Dennis failed to transfer the monies paid to him to the vendors. Paa Nii out of anger organised for Dennis’ vehicle to be burnt to ashes. Paa Nii, proceeded to sue to void the agreement and recover the amount paid.

i) List FOUR (4) doctrines of equity. (4 marks)
ii) In relation to the scenario above, is there any equitable remedy Paa Nii can rely on? (3 marks)
iii) Identify THREE (3) basic presumptions for statutory interpretation. (3 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Contract Law, Doctrines of Equity, Equity, Remedies, Statutory Interpretation
Level: Level 1

Topic: Sources of Law
Series: DEC 2022

PSAF – May 2016 – L2 – Q1 – Preparation and presentation of financial statements for central government

Prepare a statement of financial performance and a statement of financial position using IPSAS for the Department of Aviation Affairs.

Question

Stated below are the balances extracted from the books of the Department of Aviation Affairs for the year ended 31st December 2014.

Account Description	Amount (GH¢000)
Taxes	2,570.00
Wages	1,000.00
Fees, fines, licenses, penalties	104.00
Grants and other transfer payments	120.00
Finance costs	52.00
Supplies and consumables	170.00
Transfers from other government entities	250.00
Revenue from exchange transactions	60.00
Depreciation and amortization expense	66.00
Other revenue	150.00
Impairment of property, plant, and equipment	46.00
Other expenses	70.00
Cash and cash equivalents	255.00
Receivables	80.00
Investments (short-term)	45.00
Prepayments	47.00
Inventories	75.00
Intangible assets	190.00
Land and buildings	1,044.00
Payables (short-term)	1,420.00
Other non-financial assets	15,000.00
Investments (Long-term)	170.00
Receivables (Medium-term)	851.00
Short-term borrowings	700.00
Provisions (Current)	45.00
Superannuation	104.00
Payables (Medium-term)	240.00
Borrowings (Long-term)	665.00
Provisions (Long-term)	82.00
Employee Benefits (Medium-term)	150.00
Other non-financial assets	200.00
Current portion of borrowings	55.00
Employee Benefits (Short-term)	74.00
Capital contributed by other Government entities	194.00
Reserves	850.00

Required:
Use the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) to prepare a statement of financial performance for the year ended 31st December 2014, and a statement of financial position for the year ended 31st December 2014, including Net Assets / Equity.

Answer

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Tags: Equity, Financial Statements, Net Assets, Public Sector, Statement of Financial Performance, Statement of Financial Position
Level: Level 2

Topic: Preparation and presentation of financial statements for central government
Series: MAY 2016

Question Tag: Equity

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FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Business Valuation Techniques

Calculate the equity value of APL using SVA and outline three methods for funding the MBO.

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BL – Nov 2020 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Partnership Law

Objective questions testing knowledge on Nigerian government functions, customary law, and partnership structures.

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FR – May 2017 – L2 – SB – Q5 – Preparation of Financial Statements

Discuss distinguishing features of debt and equity presentation under IFRS and explain the impact of classification on financial statements.

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FR – May 2024 – L2 – SB – Q6 – Financial Instruments (IAS 32)

Discuss how to treat transactions of debt and equity instruments in Akwa Nig. Limited under IAS 32.

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FR – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q5 – Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS 10)

Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position and calculate goodwill and non-controlling interest for UDO Group Plc.

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BL – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q1 – Sources of Nigerian Law

Identifying the problem equity sought to address in common law.

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BL – Nov 2012 – L1 – SB – Q1A – Introduction to Law

List the seven key maxims of equity.

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TAX – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q1 – Introduction to Taxation

Multiple-choice question assessing knowledge of the principles of taxation.

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BL – Nov 2012 – L1 – SA – Q1 – Sources of Nigerian Law

Identify which of the options is not a Nigerian statute.

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FA – Nov 2012 – L1 – SB – Q40 – Elements of Financial Statements

Calculate the dividend payable to ordinary shareholders.

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AA – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3b – Audit and Assurance Evidence

This question asks for the verification procedures to be followed for assets, liabilities, and equity in an audit.

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QT – Nov 2016 – L1 – Q4b – Mathematics of Business Finance

Calculate the monthly amortization payments, total interest, and equity for a house loan at 9% interest over 25 years.

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PT – July 2023 – L2 – Q1a – Overview of the Ghanaian Tax System and Fiscal Policy

Explanation of how the characteristics of a good tax system can improve Ghana’s tax system.

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CR – May 2018 – L3 – Q2c – Financial instruments: Recognition and measurement Corporate reporting

Show the accounting treatment for a convertible loan note under IFRS 9 for income statement and financial position.

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CR – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q4 – Presentation of financial statements

Prepare a statement of changes in equity for Ahomka Ltd for the years ended 30 April 2016 and 2017.

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CR – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q3a – Other information in the annual report

Identify and explain three listing requirements for a company on the Ghana Stock Exchange.

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CR – Mar 2023 – L3 – Q2b – IAS 12: Income taxes

Discuss the appropriate accounting treatments for Sanda Ltd’s preference shares and deferred tax asset.

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BCL – Nov 2018 – L1 – Q7b – Types of Capital and the Financing of Companies

Types of Capital and the Financing of Companies

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BCL – Dec2022 – Q1a – Sources of Law

Address the doctrines of equity, equitable remedies, and statutory interpretation in a contractual dispute.

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PSAF – May 2016 – L2 – Q1 – Preparation and presentation of financial statements for central government

Prepare a statement of financial performance and a statement of financial position using IPSAS for the Department of Aviation Affairs.

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