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  • 15 Marks

AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Risk Management in Audits

Evaluate key risk areas for auditors in consolidating Nigerian and UK company accounts, considering transfer pricing and related party transactions.

BARCHI International Limited is a company with corporate registrations in both the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Nigeria. The Chairman of the company is based in Nigeria and from time to time travels to the U.K. to oversee the office there and order for the purchase of some of the articles for sale. To ensure steady supply of the products, some of the products are also ordered from China. The purchases from the U.K. are charged to the Nigerian entity in pound sterling, while the purchases from China are charged to the Nigerian company in American dollars.

In September 2020, the Chairman embarked on a trip to Dubai for two weeks where he spent part of his annual holiday. During this period, he hosted a couple of friends with the costs that were paid for by the company as the costs were above his approved annual holiday expenses. He subsequently traveled to the U.K. and was quarantined for two weeks due to COVID-19 before moving to the usual business lodge that he uses. Despite using that period to oversee the U.K. company, all the costs incurred were borne by the Nigerian company.

The products bought in the U.K. and sent to Nigeria were charged at cost plus 25%, while the Nigerian company was responsible for insurance and freight. The goods purchased from China were forwarded to Nigeria at the cost of landing in Nigeria plus 30%. The China-made products are less expensive and therefore give better profits despite the cost of the long-distance freight.

Money was transferred to the Chairman’s account for the company’s purchases in the U.K., the purchases made in China, and the Chairman’s personal expenses. An agent in China bought the goods which were paid for by the Chairman.

The U.K. company staff handled the documentation of all the transactions of the Chairman while there and transferred them to Nigeria subject to the approval of the Chairman.

Separate records were not maintained for the Chairman’s expenses in the U.K. However, his comparison of the results of the two units showed that for the immediate past financial year, the Nigerian company had performed sub-optimally and way below the targeted profit in relation to the U.K. company. The Chairman is very unhappy about this as he expects that his personal visit to the U.K. would reduce the purchasing and associated costs.

It is usual for the Chairman to account for the cost of purchases based on his personal expenses attributable to each purchase together with the actual cost of purchases. The U.K. component is elated about this costing method which favors it and would wish that this arrangement continues.

The two units prepare separate financial statements which are audited by separate accounting firms before the two financial statements are consolidated in Nigeria for the Chairman’s evaluation.

Required:

Evaluate, with appropriate justifications, from the scenario above, the areas of risk which the auditor needs to consider. (15 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q6 – Ethical Issues in Auditing

Prepare a manual on external auditor eligibility and discuss auditor objectives under ISA 200.

The accountancy profession earns confidence and public respect partly as a result of its self-regulatory mechanism, application of legal principles, and professional standards.

This issue became a subject of discussion when a group of business owners who just incorporated their companies were deliberating on who should carry out an audit and what are the guiding principles for determining the performance of such responsibility.

Required:

a. Prepare a manual to enable the discussants to understand this professional member’s eligibility to act as an external auditor. (9 Marks)

b. Discuss the objectives of an auditor in accordance with ISA 200: Overall objectives of the independent auditor and the conduct of an auditor in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. (6 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Regulatory Framework and Professional Standards

Discuss arguments for and against audit exemption for small companies and evaluate considerations for auditing small entities.

The Companies and Allied Matters Act, 2020 has classifications and responsibilities for various types of companies incorporated under it. A particular class that has received more attention in recent times and in the Act is small companies.

Your audit team has been approached by a few of these small companies for guidance on the issue and your team has been assigned this responsibility. Part of the concerns of your firm is whether or not those small companies merit the concerns of regulatory authorities and the accounting firms that have to be responsible for their audit.

Your team has a number of young assistants who are yet to understand the differences and therefore need enlightenment on this as part of the training programs.

Required:

a. Discuss the arguments for and against the exemption of small companies from audit. (10 Marks)

b. On the basis that an audit may be conducted for a small entity, evaluate the points the auditors would consider. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q4 – Ethical Issues in Auditing

Discuss correspondence with previous auditors, reasons for change in appointments, and client identification under AML regulations.

The idea to incorporate Peters & Shamsudeen Haulages Limited was mooted in London and it was incorporated on the return of Alhaji Shamsudeen to Nigeria. He met Peters during his stay in the UK. They had a good relationship which started in a coffee shop. As they met regularly in this shop, what to do on Alhaji Shamsudeen’s return to Nigeria became the subject of discussion. Based on their experiences, the idea of Peters & Shamsudeen Haulages Limited was birthed. Alhaji Shamsudeen subsequently returned to Nigeria, incorporated the company, obtained the appropriate expatriate quota, and Mr. Peters came in and started running the company.

On commencement, Sejumade Uzoma & Co was appointed the company’s external auditors. Whilst Mr. Peters was around, there was a good working relationship between the company and the audit firm.

After about nine years, Mr. Peters returned to the UK, leaving the company in the hands of Alhaji Shamsudeen. Subsequently, Sejumade Uzoma & Co started receiving complaints from Alhaji Shamsudeen and his key accounting staff. These complaints were rife even before the ninth month of the current year that Sejumade Uzoma & Co. decided not to continue with the engagement. The audit fee for the previous year had about thirty percent outstanding at this stage.

This was the position when Alhaji Shamsudeen approached your partner at Musa, Edewo & Co. (Chartered Accountants). Their discussion was fruitful for your firm, hence it was agreed by the partners that full professional procedures would be applied as normal. Part of the information available on interaction is that the year is almost ending, and there was uncertainty about the firm that will do the audit before the engagement of your firm. You have the responsibility of assisting your partner in ensuring that proper documentations would be done without any compromise.

Required:

a. According to professional requirements, discuss the issues your firm is expected to address in her correspondence with Sejumade Uzoma & Co. (10 Marks)

b. Evaluate the various circumstances that would lead to change in professional appointment. (5 Marks)

c. In consideration of the client, analyze the procedures necessary for proper client identification in accordance with anti-money laundering requirements. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q3 – Audit of Prospective Financial Information

Discuss auditor assurance work on prospective financial information, cash flow forecast procedures, and forming an opinion on PFI.

Tijara Nigeria Limited has a credit facility of N6 million with Godiya Bank. The facility was due to expire on December 31, 2021. The overdraft in the recently audited statement of financial position as at September 30, 2021 is N5.5 million. The directors of Tijara have started negotiations with their bankers for a renewal of the facility and to increase the amount to N9 million. To support this request, the bank has asked Tijara to provide a business plan for the coming twelve months consisting of a cash flow forecast supported by a forecast income statement and statement of financial position.

The management of Tijara has produced a cash flow forecast for the period October 1, 2021, to September 30, 2022, and, at the request of the bank, has asked an auditor to examine and report on it.

The Audit Manager, who has recently completed Tijara’s audit, has been asked to make a preliminary examination of the cash flow forecast and supporting materials. The manager has made the following observations:

  1. The cash flows from sales are based on the assumption of an overall increase in sales of 24% compared to the previous financial year. Analysis shows that this is based on an increase in selling price of 5% and an increase in the volume of sales of 18%. Just over a quarter of all Tijara sales are made to foreign customers.
  2. The cost of sales in the recently audited comprehensive income to September 30, 2021, was 80% of sales revenue, giving a gross profit of 20%. In the forecast income statement for the year to September 30, 2022, the cost of sales has fallen to 72%, giving a gross profit of 28%. Manufacturing costs are made up of equal proportions of materials, labor, and production overheads.
  3. The trade receivables collection period used in the cash flow forecast to September 30, 2022, is 61 days. In the year to September 30, 2021, this period averaged 93 days. Management has stated that it is its intention to inform all customers of a new standard 60-day credit period. In addition, an early settlement discount of 1% will apply to customers who settle their accounts within 30 days of the statement. Conversely, the credit period for trade payables has been extended from an average of 45 days in the current year to 90 days in the forecast.
  4. The cash flow forecast showed that the maximum credit required during the period would rise to nearly N9 million in August 2022.

Required:

a. Describe the general approach to the assurance work an auditor should consider before accepting the engagement of a reporting accountant on Prospective Financial Information (PFI) under ISAE 3400: The Examination of Prospective Financial Information. (8 Marks)

b. Detail the procedures applicable to the cash flow forecast of Tijara for the year to September 30, 2022. (7 Marks)

c. Prepare a summarized presentation of what the reporting accountant should consider in forming an opinion on prospective financial information (PFI). (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q2 – Assurance Engagements

Discuss due diligence processes and provide IFRS 16 guidance on lease recognition, measurement, and disclosure.

Pegrace Nigeria Limited (PNL), your audit client, is a national hotel group with substantial cash resources. Its accounting functions are well managed and the group’s accounting policies are rigorously applied. The company’s financial year-end is December 31.

The company has been seeking to acquire a construction company for some time in order to bring in-house the building and refurbishment of hotels and related leisure facilities, like swimming pools, volleyball courts, and restaurants. The management has recently identified Robin Construction Company Limited (RCCL) as a potential target and has urgently requested that you undertake a limited due diligence review.

Further to the preliminary talks between the management of RCCL and PNL, you were provided with the following brief on Robin Construction Company Limited:

  1. The Chief Executive, Managing Director, and Finance Director are all family members and major shareholders. The company has an established reputation for quality constructions.
  2. Due to a recession in the building business, the company has been operating at its overdraft limit for the last 18 months and has been close to breaching debt obligations on several occasions.
  3. Robin’s accounting policies are generally less prudent than those of Pegrace (assets are depreciated over longer estimated useful lives).
  4. Contract revenue is recognized on the percentage of completion method, measured by reference to costs incurred to date. Provisions are made for loss-making contracts.
  5. The company’s management team includes a qualified and experienced quantity surveyor, whose main responsibilities are:
    • Supervising quarterly physical counts at major construction sites;
    • Comparing costs to date against quarterly rolling budgets; and
    • Determining profits or losses, by contract, at each financial year-end.
  6. Labour force is provided under subcontracts. During construction, the regulatory body visited the site and discovered non-compliance with site health and safety regulations.

In February 2021, Robin received a claim that a site on which it built a housing development in Banana Estate was not properly drained and is now sinking. Residents are demanding rectification and asking for payment or damages. Robin has referred the matter to its legal counsel and denied all liability, as the site preparation was subcontracted to Sahara Services Company Limited. No provisions have been made in respect of the claims, nor has any disclosure been made.

The auditor’s report on Robin’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, was signed, without modification, in March 2021.

Required:

a. Prepare a document to give the explanatory meaning of the term ‘due diligence’ and subsequently discuss items to investigate in a due diligence exercise. (12 Marks)

b. Advise on how to recognize, measure, present, and disclose leases as required by IFRS 16. (8 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q1 – Quality Control in Audit Firms

Discuss ISQC 1 quality control requirements for leadership, ethics, engagements, human resources, monitoring, and documentation.

A firm of Chartered Accountants has 25 partners and 100 audit staff. The firm provides a range of audit, assurance, tax and advisory/consultancy services. The firm has offices around the country and clients ranging from sole traders to limited liability companies.

The quality control partner has recently resigned. He has not yet been replaced as the Board of Partners of the firm has not been able to find a suitable replacement. Before his departure, the quality control partner was in the process of implementing a system of ethical compliance for assurance staff. Based on the foregoing, staff would be required to confirm in writing their compliance with the Code of Ethics, hence, implementation of this system is incomplete.

Oshodi Plc is one of the firm’s largest clients for which the firm provides audit, tax, and other advisory services. A new engagement partner has been assigned to the audit, as the previous partner in charge was the one who resigned. The fee for the audit work and other services has been set at the same level as the previous year in spite of the fact that additional work will need to be performed because Oshodi Plc has introduced a new computerized system. The starting date of the audit has been delayed due to problems with the new system. The management of Oshodi Plc was very insistent that the fee should not be increased as a result of this.

Required:

Discuss the requirements of ISQC 1: International Standard on Quality Control on overall audit firm level, which address each of the following:

a. Leadership responsibilities for quality (3 Marks)
b. Ethical requirements (5 Marks)
c. Acceptance and continuance of engagements (5 Marks)
d. Human resources (5 Marks)
e. Engagement performance (5 Marks)
f. Monitoring (4 Marks)
g. Documentation (3 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Dividend Policy

Brief on various dividend concepts, including residual theory, clientele effect, and signaling.

You are required to provide a briefing on the following dividend concepts:
a. Residual theory of dividends (3 Marks)
b. Clientele effect (3 Marks)
c. Asymmetric information (2 Marks)
d. Signaling properties of dividends (3 Marks)
e. The ‘bird-in-the-hand’ argument (4 Marks)

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  • 3 Marks

FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q6b – Financial Risk Management

Calculate the number of put options needed to delta-hedge a short position.

In your personal investment portfolio, you have gone short (i.e., you have sold) 110,000 units of Big Bank plc. Call and put options exist on the bank’s shares. You decide to hedge your position using put options on the bank’s shares. For the relevant option, you know that:
N(d1) = 0.45

You are required to calculate how many put options you will need to buy or sell to delta-hedge. Be specific.

 

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  • 12 Marks

FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q6a – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Evaluate hedging methods for a UK supplier payment of £5 million in three months.

a. You have worked with a major oil servicing company in Nigeria, with headquarters in the USA, for the past six years. Recently you completed your ICAN examinations, and you have been asked to join the international treasury department in New York City for a two-year attachment. The company is due to pay a UK supplier the sum of ₤5million in three months’ time. Your team is considering alternative methods of hedging the expected payment against adverse movements in exchange rate.

You are required to advise the company which of the following hedging strategies should be adopted for the payment due to be made in three months. Show all workings:
i. Forward contract (2 Marks)
ii. Currency futures (5 Marks)
iii. Currency options (5 Marks)

 

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  • 30 Marks

FM – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q1 – Strategic Cost Management

Analyze costs and investment requirements for Femi Appliances Ltd's new motor vehicle vacuum cleaner product line.

Femi Appliances Limited (FAL) is a Nigerian-based manufacturer of household appliances with many distribution centers across various locations in Nigeria and along the ECOWAS sub-region. FAL is now considering the development of a new motor vehicle vacuum cleaner – VC4.

The product can be introduced quickly and has an expected life of four years, after which it may be replaced with a more efficient model. Costs associated with the product are estimated as follows:

Direct Costs (per unit):

  • Labour:
    • 3.5 skilled labour hours at ₦500 per hour
    • 4 unskilled labour hours at ₦300 per hour
  • Materials:
    • 6 kilos of material Z at ₦146 per kilo
    • Three units of component P at ₦480 per unit
    • One unit of component Q at ₦640
  • Other variable costs: ₦210 per unit

Indirect Costs:

  • Apportionment of management salaries: ₦10,500,000 per year
  • Tax allowable depreciation of machinery: ₦21,000,000 per year
  • Selling expenses (excluding salaries): ₦16,600,000 per year
  • Apportionment of head office costs: ₦5,000,000 per year
  • Rental of buildings: ₦10,000,000 per year
  • Annual interest charges: ₦10,400,000
  • Other annual overheads: ₦7,000,000 (includes building rates ₦2,000,000)

If the new product is introduced, it will be manufactured in an existing factory, having no effect on rates payable. The factory could be rented out for ₦12,000,000 per year to another company if the product is not introduced.

New machinery costing ₦86,000,000 will be required, depreciated on a straight-line basis over four years with a salvage value of ₦2,000,000. The machinery will be financed by a four-year fixed-rate bank loan at 12% interest per year. Additional working capital requirements may be ignored.

The new product will require two additional managers at an annual gross cost of ₦2,500,000 each, while one current manager (₦2,000,000) will be transferred and replaced by a deputy manager at ₦1,700,000 per year. Material Z totaling 70,000 kilos is already in inventory, valued at ₦9,900,000.

FAL will utilize the existing advertising campaigns for distribution centers to also market the new product, saving approximately ₦5,000,000 per year in advertising expenses.

The unit price of the product in the first year will be ₦11,000, with projected demand as follows:

  • Year 1: 12,000 units
  • Year 2: 17,500 units
  • Year 3: 18,000 units
  • Year 4: 18,500 units

An inflation rate of 5% per year is anticipated, with prices rising accordingly. Wage costs are expected to increase by 7% per year, and other costs (including rent) by 5% annually. No price or cost increases are expected in the first year of production.

Income tax is set at 35%, payable in the year the profit occurs. Assume all sales and costs are on a cash basis and occur at the end of the year, except for the initial purchase of machinery, which would take place immediately. No inventory will be held at the end of any year.

Required:

a. Calculate the expected internal rate of return (IRR) associated with the manufacture of VC4. Show all workings to the nearest ₦million. (19 Marks)

b. i. Explain what is meant by an asset beta and how it differs from an equity beta. (2 Marks)
ii. Given the company’s equity beta is 1.2, the market return is 15%, and the risk-free rate is 8%, discuss whether introducing the product is advisable. (4 Marks)

c. The company is concerned about a potential increase in corporate tax rates. Advise the directors by how much that the tax rate would have to change before the project is not financially viable. A discount rate of 17% per year may be assumed for part (c). (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q7 – Tax Administration and Dispute Resolution

Discusses constraints and strategies for improving tax collection from self-employed individuals in Nigeria.

The inability of the Federal government revenue-generating agencies to meet set revenue targets was the subject of a discussion between the Minister of Finance and Chief Executives of these agencies in October 2021.

The Minister emphasized that the Federal government has provided ample incentives and support to these agencies, yet performance has been below expectations. Consequently, the government has decided to take strict measures against any chief executive who fails to meet revenue targets for the financial year ending December 31, 2021.

The Federal government’s decision inspired the state government. As a result, the chairman of “MATS” State Board of Internal Revenue announced incentives for staff members who meet revenue targets set for tax collection, particularly from the self-employed category.

You have been engaged as the tax consultant to the chairman of “MATS” State Board of Internal Revenue.

Required:

Advise the chairman of “MATS” State Board of Internal Revenue on:

a. Identifying constraints facing tax authorities in assessing and collecting taxes from self-employed taxpayers. (8 Marks)
b. Developing strategies to expand the Nigerian tax net to improve tax collection from the self-employed category. (7 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q6 – International Taxation

Explains BEPS, its techniques, OECD initiatives, and implications for corporate tax strategies.

At a workshop on “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)” organized by the Federal Ministry of Industries, a resource person explained that BEPS is a corporate tax planning strategy used by multinational corporations to “shift” profits from higher-tax jurisdictions to lower-tax jurisdictions, thereby eroding the tax base of the higher-tax jurisdictions.

One of the participants, an engineer and the General Manager of a leading manufacturing outfit based in Jos, with a head office in a European country, struggled to understand the concepts discussed. After seeking clarification from other participants without success, he approached you as the company’s Tax Manager to explain BEPS and whether it would be beneficial for the company (in collaboration with the head office) to engage in such practices.

Required:

As the company’s Tax Manager, you are to draft a paper addressing the General Manager’s concerns, covering the following:

a. Distinction between base erosion and profit shifting. (3 Marks)
b. Techniques of base erosion and profit shifting. (4 Marks)
c. The six key action initiatives of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) against base erosion and profit shifting. (6 Marks)
d. The implications of engaging in base erosion and profit shifting. (2 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q5 – International Taxation

Discusses the conditions for significant economic presence and the tax implications for TWITTY Incorporation.

The rapid growth in information and communication technology in Nigeria has brought with it boundless opportunities and changes in the way business activities are conducted. A significant number of transactions in Nigeria, in recent times, are consummated using mobile devices and online payments. In the same vein, the online platforms (mostly operated by international private entities) are perceived by various governments in developing countries (Nigeria inclusive) as undermining the economic interests of their host countries through non-payment of taxes, despite their significant economic presence.

In light of the above, the Finance Act 2019 provides for the treatment of digital and other service providers concerning the significant economic presence of a foreign entity. This provision was followed up with the issuance of Companies Income Tax (Significant Economic Presence) Order 2020 by the Federal Government of Nigeria.

You have been contacted by a foreign online outfit with interest in mobile networking and consultancy, TWITTY Incorporation, California, USA, through its official partner in Nigeria, MAAbioro Partners, to explain issues on the significant economic presence of a foreign entity, deemed to be operating in Nigeria.

Required:

As a tax consultant to TWITTY Incorporation, draft a report explaining the following areas:

a. The objectives of the relevant provisions of Finance Act 2019 and Companies Income Tax (Significant Economic Presence) Order 2020 concerning the significant economic presence of a foreign entity. (3 Marks)
b. Conditions for the determination of significant economic presence for digital activities. (5 Marks)
c. Determination of significant economic presence for technical and consultancy services. (2 Marks)
d. Activities exempted from significant economic presence in Nigeria. (3 Marks)
e. The tax implications of the Order 2020 on the activities of TWITTY Incorporation. (2 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q4 – Capital Gains Tax (CGT)

Explanation of tax implications for transactions considered artificial involving connected persons.

Colends Nigeria Limited, Abeokuta, is a manufacturer of plastic materials. The company is well known for prompt payment of taxes as at when due. The cordial relationship between the company and the Federal tax authorities is about to be breached as a result of disagreement in the classification of some transactions made by the company. The tax authorities considered those transactions to be artificial or fictitious, while the Managing Director, who is not an accountant, felt otherwise.

The company is in the process of re-organising its operations so as to compete favorably with its contemporaries, particularly with the implementation of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (ACFTA) by some African countries.

The following transactions were concluded by the company during the financial year ended December 31, 2020:

  1. Land and building acquired for ₦70 million on March 6, 2015, were sold for ₦125 million. Advertisement cost was ₦500,000, while the estate agent received a 5% commission of the sale proceeds.
  2. Plant and machinery, which originally cost ₦28 million, were sold for ₦32 million to one of its subsidiaries, Colmas Limited. The market value of the assets sold was ₦40 million.
  3. A saloon motor vehicle acquired for ₦5 million in 2017 was sold to the General Manager of the company for ₦3.5 million. The market value of the car was put at ₦5.5 million.
  4. A giant generator that was acquired in 2018 for ₦12 million was disposed of for ₦15 million. The cost of disposal amounted to ₦200,000.

At a recent meeting of the board, the following transactions were approved and implemented in December 2020:

  • Acquisition of a large acreage of land and a building in the outskirts of the city-center for the business at ₦100 million.
  • Purchase of a modern plant and machinery for ₦50 million.
  • A saloon motor vehicle was purchased for ₦10 million.
  • A brand new generator costing ₦20 million was acquired.

Colends Nigeria Limited has recently appointed you as its tax consultant.

Required:

Draft a report to the Managing Director of the company explaining:

a. The concept of connected persons and artificial transactions. (4 Marks)
b. The tax implications, if any, on transactions executed by the company in accordance with the provisions of the Capital Gains Tax Act Cap C1 LFN 2004 (as amended). (16 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q3 – Tax Planning and Management

Analysis of tax planning, avoidance, thin capitalisation concepts, and strategies for Dragbat Limited to improve tax efficiency.

The board of directors of Dragbat Limited, Lagos, a medium-sized company, at its last meeting, deliberated on the company’s tax-related issues vis-à-vis one of its major competitors in the same line of business. The Managing Director presented the audited accounts of the two companies for the previous three years. He affirmed that their company has been paying more corporate and tertiary education taxes than their competitors, while returning lower profit before tax in each of the years under review. The board has since directed the Managing Director to do a thorough investigation on how competitors, according to the Chairman of the board, are having it easy with the tax authorities.

With the assistance of a former course-mate in the university, who works in the Finance unit of a competitor’s organisation, the Managing Director was informed that the competitor was involved in tax planning and tax avoidance activities, which have helped in reducing the company’s tax liabilities over the years.

Being an engineer with sparse knowledge of accounting and taxation, the Managing Director has contacted you as the company’s tax consultant to help explain some fundamental issues in tax planning and tax avoidance. To assist with this assignment, the Managing Director of Dragbat Limited provided you with the audited financial statements of the two competing companies for the last three years. He also informed you that the major difference between the two companies is that Dragbat Limited is servicing a loan facility of ₦120 million obtained five years ago, and the company is not finding it comfortable in implementing the terms of the loan, despite its increased profitability over the last three years.

The board will be meeting in a fortnight to consider the report on the preliminary investigation, and the Managing Director expects you to submit your report to him next week.

Required:

As the company’s tax consultant, you are expected to address and advise on the following issues in your report:

a. The concepts of tax planning, tax avoidance, and thin capitalisation. (9 Marks)
b. Tax planning activities and strategies. (6 Marks)
c. Tax implications for companies that practice tax planning, tax avoidance, and thin capitalisation. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q2 – Petroleum Profits Tax (PPT)

Tax computation for Debby Oil Limited, including adjustments, capital allowances, and tertiary education tax.

Debby Oil Limited is an oil prospecting company that has been operating in the deep ocean of the Niger Delta since 1990. The company makes up its accounts to December 31 each year.

The company is in discussion with a consortium of five deposit money banks in Nigeria for the purposes of taking a medium-term (5 years) loan facility of USD 5 million to finance further expansion of its facilities and acquisition of a marginal field. As part of the documents required by the banks for processing the loan facility are the audited financial statements and tax computations for the last five financial years. The company is yet to submit the documents for the year ended December 31, 2020, to the consortium.

The extract from its activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, is as presented below:

Item Amount (₦’000)
Oil inventory (Jan 1, 2020) 1,220,000
Oil inventory (Dec 31, 2020) 1,380,000
Sales – Export 9,524,000
Sales – Local 2,900,500
Other income 1,235,300
Production cost 3,440,000
Operating expenses 1,789,600
Intangible drilling cost 1,425,200
Tangible drilling cost 532,000
Traveling expenses 54,000
Salaries and wages 1,860,000
Pension fund contribution 175,000
Loan interest 150,000
General expenses 800,500
Depreciation 170,000
Royalties and production rentals 810,000
Donation 20,000
Bank charges 25,300
Harbour dues 15,000
Non-productive rent 350,000
Audit and accountancy fees 28,000
Customs duty on essentials 7,300
Income tax provision 865,860
Transfer to general reserves 900,000

Additional Information:

  1. Posted prices of crude oil exported is USD 35 per barrel at the standard API gravity of 32°.
  2. Actual realised price is adjusted for deviation from the standard API gravity. Each degree change in API results in a price adjustment of USD 0.20.
  3. 650,000 barrels of crude oil were exported during the year with an API gravity of 34°.
  4. Other income of ₦735 million was generated from the company’s ocean tanker business. Associated expenses of ₦580.5 million were included in general expenses.
  5. Operating expenses included ₦9 million for short lease renewal.
  6. Pension fund contributions were approved by the State Internal Revenue Service.
  7. Loan interest included ₦78 million paid to a subsidiary company, approved by the board.
  8. A new pipeline and storage tank costing ₦150 million was acquired for offshore operations in a 180-meter deep area.
  9. Transfer to general reserves was board-approved.
  10. Capital allowances agreed with the tax authorities include an annual allowance of ₦120 million and a balancing charge of ₦8 million.
  11. Assume USD 1 is equivalent to ₦420.

Required:
As the company’s Assistant Tax Manager, draft a report to the Tax Manager showing the company’s tax liability for the relevant assessment year according to the Petroleum Profits Tax Act, Cap P.13, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004 (as amended).

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q1 – Corporate Tax Compliance and Reporting

Calculation of tax liabilities, corporate tax compliance, and adjustments in financial reporting.

Carrol Nigeria Limited, a medium-sized company, commenced business in 2011. The company has three subsidiaries in the manufacturing of household utensils and baby products. Over the last three years, its fortunes have dwindled due to high costs of imported raw materials, overheads, low patronage from customers, and increasing demands from the host communities for social amenities.

Due to the challenging business environment, the board decided in 2016 to reduce workforce and permanently close one of its subsidiaries. This led to the appointment of a young accountant with limited taxation and fiscal policy knowledge as the Group Accountant after two Finance Department staff were affected.

In the past three years, the company faced challenges with tax authorities on tax compliance. The Group Managing Director was embarrassed when informed by the tax officer that essential records necessary for determining tax liabilities were not maintained. Gaps were also observed in the annual returns filed by the company, and the Revenue Service is conducting a back duty audit.

The Group Managing Director has sought assistance in addressing these challenges and provided documents for recomputation of the company’s income tax liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2020.

The statement of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2020, is as follows:

Additional Information:

  1. Other income included ₦320,000 realized from the disposal of an old plant.
  2. Administrative expenses included ₦250,000 paid to a legal practitioner for the defense and release of the company’s driver caught by traffic officers.
  3. 30% of motor running expenses was expended on the personal expenses of the Managing Director.
  4. 20% of the donation was paid to a State Government fund assisting insurgent victims.
  5. Repairs and maintenance included ₦215,000 for erecting a gate destroyed during a youth protest.
  6. Allowance for doubtful debts comprised ₦600,000 in general provision and ₦400,000 in specific provision.
  7. Miscellaneous expenses included ₦450,000 for hamper gifts to customers during Sallah and Christmas.
  8. A review revealed the gross turnover was understated by ₦750,000.
  9. The following is the schedule of qualifying capital expenditure on property, plant, and equipment:
    Nature Date of Acquisition Amount (₦’000)
    Factory building September 8, 2016 3,800
    Furniture & fittings October 12, 2016 1,600
    Motor van June 19, 2018 4,200
    Factory building March 8, 2020 6,500
    Furniture & fittings April 15, 2020 2,000
    Industrial plant July 1, 2020 5,700
    Motor van December 20, 2020 4,240
  10. Unutilized capital allowances brought forward was ₦1,500,000, with a balancing charge of ₦155,000 on disposal of the old plant.

Required:
As the company’s tax consultant, prepare a report to the Group Managing Director covering the following:

a. Provisions of the Companies Income Tax Act CAP C21 LFN 2004 (as amended) and Finance Act 2020 regarding maintenance of books or records of accounts (4 Marks)

b. Back duty audit and its implications (4 Marks)

c. Computation of the company’s tax liabilities (with supporting schedules) for the relevant tax year (22 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

AAA – Nov 2011 – L3 – SB – Q1 – Application of Audit and Assurance Principles

Evaluate the steps for identifying and responding to fraud risk during audit planning.

Fela Idaewor is the auditor for Matty Co. Ltd, a rapidly expanding retail business based in Lekki. This is her first year as the audit manager. During her engagement planning, she observed multiple risk factors, such as the company’s strong interest in maintaining earnings and share prices, unrealistic financial forecasts, and high reliance on debt financing for expansion. Additionally, there were strong indications that fraud might have been committed by top management.

Required
(a) What should Idaewor do about the possibility of fraud at the planning stage? (7 Marks)
(b) What documentation is required for identifying risk factors? (5 Marks)
(c) If Idaewor has evidence suggesting fraud, what are her communication responsibilities to management? (3 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q7 – Introduction to Corporate Reporting

Evaluate prudence reintroduction, revised asset and liability definitions in the Conceptual Framework.

The Conceptual Framework 2010 was criticized for its lack of clarity, the exclusion of certain important concepts, and for being outdated in terms of the IASB’s current thinking. The revised Conceptual Framework 2018 includes some new concepts such as prudence, provides updated definitions and recognition criteria for assets and liabilities, and clarifies some important concepts in a well-arranged eight chapters. Chapter four of the revised Conceptual Framework 2018 on elements of financial statements redefined some basic elements and concepts.

Required:

a. Evaluate the arguments for and against re-introduction of prudence into the Conceptual Framework.
(7 Marks)

b. Identify TWO of the concepts (Asset and Liability) which definitions were revised and justify the reasons for revised definitions.
(8 Marks)

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