Program: PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Risk Management in Audits

Evaluate key risk areas for auditors in consolidating Nigerian and UK company accounts, considering transfer pricing and related party transactions.

BARCHI International Limited is a company with corporate registrations in both the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Nigeria. The Chairman of the company is based in Nigeria and from time to time travels to the U.K. to oversee the office there and order for the purchase of some of the articles for sale. To ensure steady supply of the products, some of the products are also ordered from China. The purchases from the U.K. are charged to the Nigerian entity in pound sterling, while the purchases from China are charged to the Nigerian company in American dollars.

In September 2020, the Chairman embarked on a trip to Dubai for two weeks where he spent part of his annual holiday. During this period, he hosted a couple of friends with the costs that were paid for by the company as the costs were above his approved annual holiday expenses. He subsequently traveled to the U.K. and was quarantined for two weeks due to COVID-19 before moving to the usual business lodge that he uses. Despite using that period to oversee the U.K. company, all the costs incurred were borne by the Nigerian company.

The products bought in the U.K. and sent to Nigeria were charged at cost plus 25%, while the Nigerian company was responsible for insurance and freight. The goods purchased from China were forwarded to Nigeria at the cost of landing in Nigeria plus 30%. The China-made products are less expensive and therefore give better profits despite the cost of the long-distance freight.

Money was transferred to the Chairman’s account for the company’s purchases in the U.K., the purchases made in China, and the Chairman’s personal expenses. An agent in China bought the goods which were paid for by the Chairman.

The U.K. company staff handled the documentation of all the transactions of the Chairman while there and transferred them to Nigeria subject to the approval of the Chairman.

Separate records were not maintained for the Chairman’s expenses in the U.K. However, his comparison of the results of the two units showed that for the immediate past financial year, the Nigerian company had performed sub-optimally and way below the targeted profit in relation to the U.K. company. The Chairman is very unhappy about this as he expects that his personal visit to the U.K. would reduce the purchasing and associated costs.

It is usual for the Chairman to account for the cost of purchases based on his personal expenses attributable to each purchase together with the actual cost of purchases. The U.K. component is elated about this costing method which favors it and would wish that this arrangement continues.

The two units prepare separate financial statements which are audited by separate accounting firms before the two financial statements are consolidated in Nigeria for the Chairman’s evaluation.

Required:

Evaluate, with appropriate justifications, from the scenario above, the areas of risk which the auditor needs to consider. (15 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q6 – Ethical Issues in Auditing

Prepare a manual on external auditor eligibility and discuss auditor objectives under ISA 200.

The accountancy profession earns confidence and public respect partly as a result of its self-regulatory mechanism, application of legal principles, and professional standards.

This issue became a subject of discussion when a group of business owners who just incorporated their companies were deliberating on who should carry out an audit and what are the guiding principles for determining the performance of such responsibility.

Required:

a. Prepare a manual to enable the discussants to understand this professional member’s eligibility to act as an external auditor. (9 Marks)

b. Discuss the objectives of an auditor in accordance with ISA 200: Overall objectives of the independent auditor and the conduct of an auditor in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. (6 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Regulatory Framework and Professional Standards

Discuss arguments for and against audit exemption for small companies and evaluate considerations for auditing small entities.

The Companies and Allied Matters Act, 2020 has classifications and responsibilities for various types of companies incorporated under it. A particular class that has received more attention in recent times and in the Act is small companies.

Your audit team has been approached by a few of these small companies for guidance on the issue and your team has been assigned this responsibility. Part of the concerns of your firm is whether or not those small companies merit the concerns of regulatory authorities and the accounting firms that have to be responsible for their audit.

Your team has a number of young assistants who are yet to understand the differences and therefore need enlightenment on this as part of the training programs.

Required:

a. Discuss the arguments for and against the exemption of small companies from audit. (10 Marks)

b. On the basis that an audit may be conducted for a small entity, evaluate the points the auditors would consider. (5 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q4 – Ethical Issues in Auditing

Discuss correspondence with previous auditors, reasons for change in appointments, and client identification under AML regulations.

The idea to incorporate Peters & Shamsudeen Haulages Limited was mooted in London and it was incorporated on the return of Alhaji Shamsudeen to Nigeria. He met Peters during his stay in the UK. They had a good relationship which started in a coffee shop. As they met regularly in this shop, what to do on Alhaji Shamsudeen’s return to Nigeria became the subject of discussion. Based on their experiences, the idea of Peters & Shamsudeen Haulages Limited was birthed. Alhaji Shamsudeen subsequently returned to Nigeria, incorporated the company, obtained the appropriate expatriate quota, and Mr. Peters came in and started running the company.

On commencement, Sejumade Uzoma & Co was appointed the company’s external auditors. Whilst Mr. Peters was around, there was a good working relationship between the company and the audit firm.

After about nine years, Mr. Peters returned to the UK, leaving the company in the hands of Alhaji Shamsudeen. Subsequently, Sejumade Uzoma & Co started receiving complaints from Alhaji Shamsudeen and his key accounting staff. These complaints were rife even before the ninth month of the current year that Sejumade Uzoma & Co. decided not to continue with the engagement. The audit fee for the previous year had about thirty percent outstanding at this stage.

This was the position when Alhaji Shamsudeen approached your partner at Musa, Edewo & Co. (Chartered Accountants). Their discussion was fruitful for your firm, hence it was agreed by the partners that full professional procedures would be applied as normal. Part of the information available on interaction is that the year is almost ending, and there was uncertainty about the firm that will do the audit before the engagement of your firm. You have the responsibility of assisting your partner in ensuring that proper documentations would be done without any compromise.

Required:

a. According to professional requirements, discuss the issues your firm is expected to address in her correspondence with Sejumade Uzoma & Co. (10 Marks)

b. Evaluate the various circumstances that would lead to change in professional appointment. (5 Marks)

c. In consideration of the client, analyze the procedures necessary for proper client identification in accordance with anti-money laundering requirements. (5 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q3 – Audit of Prospective Financial Information

Discuss auditor assurance work on prospective financial information, cash flow forecast procedures, and forming an opinion on PFI.

Tijara Nigeria Limited has a credit facility of N6 million with Godiya Bank. The facility was due to expire on December 31, 2021. The overdraft in the recently audited statement of financial position as at September 30, 2021 is N5.5 million. The directors of Tijara have started negotiations with their bankers for a renewal of the facility and to increase the amount to N9 million. To support this request, the bank has asked Tijara to provide a business plan for the coming twelve months consisting of a cash flow forecast supported by a forecast income statement and statement of financial position.

The management of Tijara has produced a cash flow forecast for the period October 1, 2021, to September 30, 2022, and, at the request of the bank, has asked an auditor to examine and report on it.

The Audit Manager, who has recently completed Tijara’s audit, has been asked to make a preliminary examination of the cash flow forecast and supporting materials. The manager has made the following observations:

  1. The cash flows from sales are based on the assumption of an overall increase in sales of 24% compared to the previous financial year. Analysis shows that this is based on an increase in selling price of 5% and an increase in the volume of sales of 18%. Just over a quarter of all Tijara sales are made to foreign customers.
  2. The cost of sales in the recently audited comprehensive income to September 30, 2021, was 80% of sales revenue, giving a gross profit of 20%. In the forecast income statement for the year to September 30, 2022, the cost of sales has fallen to 72%, giving a gross profit of 28%. Manufacturing costs are made up of equal proportions of materials, labor, and production overheads.
  3. The trade receivables collection period used in the cash flow forecast to September 30, 2022, is 61 days. In the year to September 30, 2021, this period averaged 93 days. Management has stated that it is its intention to inform all customers of a new standard 60-day credit period. In addition, an early settlement discount of 1% will apply to customers who settle their accounts within 30 days of the statement. Conversely, the credit period for trade payables has been extended from an average of 45 days in the current year to 90 days in the forecast.
  4. The cash flow forecast showed that the maximum credit required during the period would rise to nearly N9 million in August 2022.

Required:

a. Describe the general approach to the assurance work an auditor should consider before accepting the engagement of a reporting accountant on Prospective Financial Information (PFI) under ISAE 3400: The Examination of Prospective Financial Information. (8 Marks)

b. Detail the procedures applicable to the cash flow forecast of Tijara for the year to September 30, 2022. (7 Marks)

c. Prepare a summarized presentation of what the reporting accountant should consider in forming an opinion on prospective financial information (PFI). (5 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q2 – Assurance Engagements

Discuss due diligence processes and provide IFRS 16 guidance on lease recognition, measurement, and disclosure.

Pegrace Nigeria Limited (PNL), your audit client, is a national hotel group with substantial cash resources. Its accounting functions are well managed and the group’s accounting policies are rigorously applied. The company’s financial year-end is December 31.

The company has been seeking to acquire a construction company for some time in order to bring in-house the building and refurbishment of hotels and related leisure facilities, like swimming pools, volleyball courts, and restaurants. The management has recently identified Robin Construction Company Limited (RCCL) as a potential target and has urgently requested that you undertake a limited due diligence review.

Further to the preliminary talks between the management of RCCL and PNL, you were provided with the following brief on Robin Construction Company Limited:

  1. The Chief Executive, Managing Director, and Finance Director are all family members and major shareholders. The company has an established reputation for quality constructions.
  2. Due to a recession in the building business, the company has been operating at its overdraft limit for the last 18 months and has been close to breaching debt obligations on several occasions.
  3. Robin’s accounting policies are generally less prudent than those of Pegrace (assets are depreciated over longer estimated useful lives).
  4. Contract revenue is recognized on the percentage of completion method, measured by reference to costs incurred to date. Provisions are made for loss-making contracts.
  5. The company’s management team includes a qualified and experienced quantity surveyor, whose main responsibilities are:
    • Supervising quarterly physical counts at major construction sites;
    • Comparing costs to date against quarterly rolling budgets; and
    • Determining profits or losses, by contract, at each financial year-end.
  6. Labour force is provided under subcontracts. During construction, the regulatory body visited the site and discovered non-compliance with site health and safety regulations.

In February 2021, Robin received a claim that a site on which it built a housing development in Banana Estate was not properly drained and is now sinking. Residents are demanding rectification and asking for payment or damages. Robin has referred the matter to its legal counsel and denied all liability, as the site preparation was subcontracted to Sahara Services Company Limited. No provisions have been made in respect of the claims, nor has any disclosure been made.

The auditor’s report on Robin’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, was signed, without modification, in March 2021.

Required:

a. Prepare a document to give the explanatory meaning of the term ‘due diligence’ and subsequently discuss items to investigate in a due diligence exercise. (12 Marks)

b. Advise on how to recognize, measure, present, and disclose leases as required by IFRS 16. (8 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q1 – Quality Control in Audit Firms

Discuss ISQC 1 quality control requirements for leadership, ethics, engagements, human resources, monitoring, and documentation.

A firm of Chartered Accountants has 25 partners and 100 audit staff. The firm provides a range of audit, assurance, tax and advisory/consultancy services. The firm has offices around the country and clients ranging from sole traders to limited liability companies.

The quality control partner has recently resigned. He has not yet been replaced as the Board of Partners of the firm has not been able to find a suitable replacement. Before his departure, the quality control partner was in the process of implementing a system of ethical compliance for assurance staff. Based on the foregoing, staff would be required to confirm in writing their compliance with the Code of Ethics, hence, implementation of this system is incomplete.

Oshodi Plc is one of the firm’s largest clients for which the firm provides audit, tax, and other advisory services. A new engagement partner has been assigned to the audit, as the previous partner in charge was the one who resigned. The fee for the audit work and other services has been set at the same level as the previous year in spite of the fact that additional work will need to be performed because Oshodi Plc has introduced a new computerized system. The starting date of the audit has been delayed due to problems with the new system. The management of Oshodi Plc was very insistent that the fee should not be increased as a result of this.

Required:

Discuss the requirements of ISQC 1: International Standard on Quality Control on overall audit firm level, which address each of the following:

a. Leadership responsibilities for quality (3 Marks)
b. Ethical requirements (5 Marks)
c. Acceptance and continuance of engagements (5 Marks)
d. Human resources (5 Marks)
e. Engagement performance (5 Marks)
f. Monitoring (4 Marks)
g. Documentation (3 Marks)

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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Dividend Policy

Brief on various dividend concepts, including residual theory, clientele effect, and signaling.

You are required to provide a briefing on the following dividend concepts:
a. Residual theory of dividends (3 Marks)
b. Clientele effect (3 Marks)
c. Asymmetric information (2 Marks)
d. Signaling properties of dividends (3 Marks)
e. The ‘bird-in-the-hand’ argument (4 Marks)

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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q6b – Financial Risk Management

Calculate the number of put options needed to delta-hedge a short position.

In your personal investment portfolio, you have gone short (i.e., you have sold) 110,000 units of Big Bank plc. Call and put options exist on the bank’s shares. You decide to hedge your position using put options on the bank’s shares. For the relevant option, you know that:
N(d1) = 0.45

You are required to calculate how many put options you will need to buy or sell to delta-hedge. Be specific.

 

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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q6a – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Evaluate hedging methods for a UK supplier payment of £5 million in three months.

a. You have worked with a major oil servicing company in Nigeria, with headquarters in the USA, for the past six years. Recently you completed your ICAN examinations, and you have been asked to join the international treasury department in New York City for a two-year attachment. The company is due to pay a UK supplier the sum of ₤5million in three months’ time. Your team is considering alternative methods of hedging the expected payment against adverse movements in exchange rate.

You are required to advise the company which of the following hedging strategies should be adopted for the payment due to be made in three months. Show all workings:
i. Forward contract (2 Marks)
ii. Currency futures (5 Marks)
iii. Currency options (5 Marks)

 

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q11 – Regulatory Framework and Professional Standards

Identifying impacts not associated with the Due Process Review in contract awarding.

The impact of Due Process Review EXCLUDES:

A. Recognition of competent contractors
B. Recognition and reinstatement of rightful contract winners
C. Elimination of middlemen in contract awards
D. Elimination of doubt in the ability of the contractor
E. Elimination of businessmen in contract awards

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q10 – Audit of Complex Transactions

Identifying irrelevant ledger accounts in a payroll journal review.

In order to review a payroll journal, the auditor is NOT likely to interface with which of the following ledger accounts?

A. Pay As You Earn
B. Pension
C. Staff loans
D. Current Assets
E. National Health Insurance

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q9 – Regulatory Framework and Professional Standards

Identifying an invalid statement about the benefits and use of IFRS.

Which of the statements listed below about IFRS is invalid?

A. Multinational should benefit from a number of cost savings when using IFRS
B. Companies that wish to reach a wider group of investors will find financial statements based on IFRS acceptable in all major markets
C. Using IFRS will make it easier, though more expensive, to have secondary listing in other countries of the world
D. Using the same accounting basis provides greater comparability between companies which will lead to more efficient investment
E. The original standard setter between (1973-2000) was International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC)

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q8 – Ethical Issues in Auditing

Identifying behaviors not generally applicable as unethical in financial services.

In a recent study involving different users of financial services in Nigeria, various types of unethical behaviour have been identified. Which of the following does NOT have general application in the industry?

A. Any act that does not follow the norms of a profession
B. Any act not in consonance with professional code of conduct
C. A conduct that is morally adjudged wrong, unbecoming, and below expectation
D. Behaviour that is based on moral or pre-modial principles
E. Deviations from standard and known code of conduct guiding an operation

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q7 – Audit of Specialized Industries

Identifying non-relevant procedures in the audit of a life insurance company.

In the audit of an insurance company carrying out life business, which of the following is NOT relevant?

A. Providing a general reserve which shall be equal to net liabilities on policies in force at the time of actuarial valuation and an additional amount equal to 25% of net premium for every year between actuarial valuation dates.
B. Providing a contingency reserve equal to 1% of gross premium or 10% of profit whichever is greater and which is accumulated until it attains the amount of minimum paid up capital.
C. Providing a margin of solvency which shall not be less than 15% of the gross premium received, less re-insurance premium paid or 15% of the paid-up capital whichever is higher.
D. Separation of funds into Individual Life, Group Life, Health Insurance etc., showing each class.
E. Profit determination only by actuarial valuation of the liabilities and comparing this with available assets.

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q6 – Regulatory Framework and Professional Standards

Responsibilities and regulatory compliance of auditors conducting transnational audits.

Auditors that carry out transnational audit usually belong to multinational firms and as such are:

A. Independent of the local laws and regulations
B. Not expected to operate under the professional rules of any particular country
C. Not accountable to any supervisory body
D. Expected to buy the shares of the multinational corporations to gain entry into the country
E. Operating subject to national laws and professional values in more than one country

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q5 – Public Sector Audits

Key inclusions in the final report of a Board of Inquiry for public sector investigations.

Regarding investigation in the public sector, the final report of the Board of Inquiry shall include:

A. The number of memoranda received from the public
B. A statement of the exact amount of loss that has been incurred
C. Certification from the Due Process office
D. Report of the Auditor-General for the Federation
E. External Auditors’ opinion statement on the loss that occurred

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q4 – Regulatory Framework and Professional Standards

Identifying non-deficiencies of historical cost accounting in inflation periods.

The deficiencies of historical cost accounting during inflation EXCLUDE which of the following?
A. The Net Book Value of Fixed Assets is often substantially below their current value
B. The statement of financial position figure of stock reflects prices ruling at the date of purchase or manufacture rather than those current at the year end
C. Charges made in arriving at the profit do not reflect the current value of assets, which result in overstated profit in real terms
D. If the historical cost accounting profit were distributed in full, the level of operations would have to be curtailed
E. The understatement of profit and the overstatement of assets prevent meaningful calculations of profitability

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q3 – Regulatory Framework and Professional Standards

Identifying non-responsibilities of directors related to accounting functions in a company.

The responsibilities of the directors in relation to the accounting functions of the company fall under the following EXCEPT:
A. Safeguarding the company’s assets and preventing errors and fraud in the company
B. Defining the concept of materiality and tolerable error as a guide to the auditor
C. Ensuring that the company keeps proper accounting records as defined in the legislations
D. Setting up internal control system in the company as a standard practice
E. Preparing the financial statements to show the results of the company for the year and financial position as at year-end

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q2 – Assurance Engagements

Identifying non-objectives in profit forecast investigations by auditors.

Which of the following is NOT an objective of profit forecast investigation on which an opinion can be given?
A. Whether or not the profit forecast complies with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
B. As to whether the profit forecast has been prepared on the basis of the existing organization’s accounting policies
C. Whether or not the profit forecast has been prepared on the basis of management assumptions and judgment
D. On the reasonableness of the management assumptions and judgment of the profit forecast
E. As to whether the profit forecast agrees with the underlying records

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