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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Risk Management in Audits

Evaluate key risk areas for auditors in consolidating Nigerian and UK company accounts, considering transfer pricing and related party transactions.

BARCHI International Limited is a company with corporate registrations in both the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Nigeria. The Chairman of the company is based in Nigeria and from time to time travels to the U.K. to oversee the office there and order for the purchase of some of the articles for sale. To ensure steady supply of the products, some of the products are also ordered from China. The purchases from the U.K. are charged to the Nigerian entity in pound sterling, while the purchases from China are charged to the Nigerian company in American dollars.

In September 2020, the Chairman embarked on a trip to Dubai for two weeks where he spent part of his annual holiday. During this period, he hosted a couple of friends with the costs that were paid for by the company as the costs were above his approved annual holiday expenses. He subsequently traveled to the U.K. and was quarantined for two weeks due to COVID-19 before moving to the usual business lodge that he uses. Despite using that period to oversee the U.K. company, all the costs incurred were borne by the Nigerian company.

The products bought in the U.K. and sent to Nigeria were charged at cost plus 25%, while the Nigerian company was responsible for insurance and freight. The goods purchased from China were forwarded to Nigeria at the cost of landing in Nigeria plus 30%. The China-made products are less expensive and therefore give better profits despite the cost of the long-distance freight.

Money was transferred to the Chairman’s account for the company’s purchases in the U.K., the purchases made in China, and the Chairman’s personal expenses. An agent in China bought the goods which were paid for by the Chairman.

The U.K. company staff handled the documentation of all the transactions of the Chairman while there and transferred them to Nigeria subject to the approval of the Chairman.

Separate records were not maintained for the Chairman’s expenses in the U.K. However, his comparison of the results of the two units showed that for the immediate past financial year, the Nigerian company had performed sub-optimally and way below the targeted profit in relation to the U.K. company. The Chairman is very unhappy about this as he expects that his personal visit to the U.K. would reduce the purchasing and associated costs.

It is usual for the Chairman to account for the cost of purchases based on his personal expenses attributable to each purchase together with the actual cost of purchases. The U.K. component is elated about this costing method which favors it and would wish that this arrangement continues.

The two units prepare separate financial statements which are audited by separate accounting firms before the two financial statements are consolidated in Nigeria for the Chairman’s evaluation.

Required:

Evaluate, with appropriate justifications, from the scenario above, the areas of risk which the auditor needs to consider. (15 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q6 – Ethical Issues in Auditing

Prepare a manual on external auditor eligibility and discuss auditor objectives under ISA 200.

The accountancy profession earns confidence and public respect partly as a result of its self-regulatory mechanism, application of legal principles, and professional standards.

This issue became a subject of discussion when a group of business owners who just incorporated their companies were deliberating on who should carry out an audit and what are the guiding principles for determining the performance of such responsibility.

Required:

a. Prepare a manual to enable the discussants to understand this professional member’s eligibility to act as an external auditor. (9 Marks)

b. Discuss the objectives of an auditor in accordance with ISA 200: Overall objectives of the independent auditor and the conduct of an auditor in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. (6 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Regulatory Framework and Professional Standards

Discuss arguments for and against audit exemption for small companies and evaluate considerations for auditing small entities.

The Companies and Allied Matters Act, 2020 has classifications and responsibilities for various types of companies incorporated under it. A particular class that has received more attention in recent times and in the Act is small companies.

Your audit team has been approached by a few of these small companies for guidance on the issue and your team has been assigned this responsibility. Part of the concerns of your firm is whether or not those small companies merit the concerns of regulatory authorities and the accounting firms that have to be responsible for their audit.

Your team has a number of young assistants who are yet to understand the differences and therefore need enlightenment on this as part of the training programs.

Required:

a. Discuss the arguments for and against the exemption of small companies from audit. (10 Marks)

b. On the basis that an audit may be conducted for a small entity, evaluate the points the auditors would consider. (5 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q4 – Ethical Issues in Auditing

Discuss correspondence with previous auditors, reasons for change in appointments, and client identification under AML regulations.

The idea to incorporate Peters & Shamsudeen Haulages Limited was mooted in London and it was incorporated on the return of Alhaji Shamsudeen to Nigeria. He met Peters during his stay in the UK. They had a good relationship which started in a coffee shop. As they met regularly in this shop, what to do on Alhaji Shamsudeen’s return to Nigeria became the subject of discussion. Based on their experiences, the idea of Peters & Shamsudeen Haulages Limited was birthed. Alhaji Shamsudeen subsequently returned to Nigeria, incorporated the company, obtained the appropriate expatriate quota, and Mr. Peters came in and started running the company.

On commencement, Sejumade Uzoma & Co was appointed the company’s external auditors. Whilst Mr. Peters was around, there was a good working relationship between the company and the audit firm.

After about nine years, Mr. Peters returned to the UK, leaving the company in the hands of Alhaji Shamsudeen. Subsequently, Sejumade Uzoma & Co started receiving complaints from Alhaji Shamsudeen and his key accounting staff. These complaints were rife even before the ninth month of the current year that Sejumade Uzoma & Co. decided not to continue with the engagement. The audit fee for the previous year had about thirty percent outstanding at this stage.

This was the position when Alhaji Shamsudeen approached your partner at Musa, Edewo & Co. (Chartered Accountants). Their discussion was fruitful for your firm, hence it was agreed by the partners that full professional procedures would be applied as normal. Part of the information available on interaction is that the year is almost ending, and there was uncertainty about the firm that will do the audit before the engagement of your firm. You have the responsibility of assisting your partner in ensuring that proper documentations would be done without any compromise.

Required:

a. According to professional requirements, discuss the issues your firm is expected to address in her correspondence with Sejumade Uzoma & Co. (10 Marks)

b. Evaluate the various circumstances that would lead to change in professional appointment. (5 Marks)

c. In consideration of the client, analyze the procedures necessary for proper client identification in accordance with anti-money laundering requirements. (5 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q3 – Audit of Prospective Financial Information

Discuss auditor assurance work on prospective financial information, cash flow forecast procedures, and forming an opinion on PFI.

Tijara Nigeria Limited has a credit facility of N6 million with Godiya Bank. The facility was due to expire on December 31, 2021. The overdraft in the recently audited statement of financial position as at September 30, 2021 is N5.5 million. The directors of Tijara have started negotiations with their bankers for a renewal of the facility and to increase the amount to N9 million. To support this request, the bank has asked Tijara to provide a business plan for the coming twelve months consisting of a cash flow forecast supported by a forecast income statement and statement of financial position.

The management of Tijara has produced a cash flow forecast for the period October 1, 2021, to September 30, 2022, and, at the request of the bank, has asked an auditor to examine and report on it.

The Audit Manager, who has recently completed Tijara’s audit, has been asked to make a preliminary examination of the cash flow forecast and supporting materials. The manager has made the following observations:

  1. The cash flows from sales are based on the assumption of an overall increase in sales of 24% compared to the previous financial year. Analysis shows that this is based on an increase in selling price of 5% and an increase in the volume of sales of 18%. Just over a quarter of all Tijara sales are made to foreign customers.
  2. The cost of sales in the recently audited comprehensive income to September 30, 2021, was 80% of sales revenue, giving a gross profit of 20%. In the forecast income statement for the year to September 30, 2022, the cost of sales has fallen to 72%, giving a gross profit of 28%. Manufacturing costs are made up of equal proportions of materials, labor, and production overheads.
  3. The trade receivables collection period used in the cash flow forecast to September 30, 2022, is 61 days. In the year to September 30, 2021, this period averaged 93 days. Management has stated that it is its intention to inform all customers of a new standard 60-day credit period. In addition, an early settlement discount of 1% will apply to customers who settle their accounts within 30 days of the statement. Conversely, the credit period for trade payables has been extended from an average of 45 days in the current year to 90 days in the forecast.
  4. The cash flow forecast showed that the maximum credit required during the period would rise to nearly N9 million in August 2022.

Required:

a. Describe the general approach to the assurance work an auditor should consider before accepting the engagement of a reporting accountant on Prospective Financial Information (PFI) under ISAE 3400: The Examination of Prospective Financial Information. (8 Marks)

b. Detail the procedures applicable to the cash flow forecast of Tijara for the year to September 30, 2022. (7 Marks)

c. Prepare a summarized presentation of what the reporting accountant should consider in forming an opinion on prospective financial information (PFI). (5 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q2 – Assurance Engagements

Discuss due diligence processes and provide IFRS 16 guidance on lease recognition, measurement, and disclosure.

Pegrace Nigeria Limited (PNL), your audit client, is a national hotel group with substantial cash resources. Its accounting functions are well managed and the group’s accounting policies are rigorously applied. The company’s financial year-end is December 31.

The company has been seeking to acquire a construction company for some time in order to bring in-house the building and refurbishment of hotels and related leisure facilities, like swimming pools, volleyball courts, and restaurants. The management has recently identified Robin Construction Company Limited (RCCL) as a potential target and has urgently requested that you undertake a limited due diligence review.

Further to the preliminary talks between the management of RCCL and PNL, you were provided with the following brief on Robin Construction Company Limited:

  1. The Chief Executive, Managing Director, and Finance Director are all family members and major shareholders. The company has an established reputation for quality constructions.
  2. Due to a recession in the building business, the company has been operating at its overdraft limit for the last 18 months and has been close to breaching debt obligations on several occasions.
  3. Robin’s accounting policies are generally less prudent than those of Pegrace (assets are depreciated over longer estimated useful lives).
  4. Contract revenue is recognized on the percentage of completion method, measured by reference to costs incurred to date. Provisions are made for loss-making contracts.
  5. The company’s management team includes a qualified and experienced quantity surveyor, whose main responsibilities are:
    • Supervising quarterly physical counts at major construction sites;
    • Comparing costs to date against quarterly rolling budgets; and
    • Determining profits or losses, by contract, at each financial year-end.
  6. Labour force is provided under subcontracts. During construction, the regulatory body visited the site and discovered non-compliance with site health and safety regulations.

In February 2021, Robin received a claim that a site on which it built a housing development in Banana Estate was not properly drained and is now sinking. Residents are demanding rectification and asking for payment or damages. Robin has referred the matter to its legal counsel and denied all liability, as the site preparation was subcontracted to Sahara Services Company Limited. No provisions have been made in respect of the claims, nor has any disclosure been made.

The auditor’s report on Robin’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, was signed, without modification, in March 2021.

Required:

a. Prepare a document to give the explanatory meaning of the term ‘due diligence’ and subsequently discuss items to investigate in a due diligence exercise. (12 Marks)

b. Advise on how to recognize, measure, present, and disclose leases as required by IFRS 16. (8 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q1 – Quality Control in Audit Firms

Discuss ISQC 1 quality control requirements for leadership, ethics, engagements, human resources, monitoring, and documentation.

A firm of Chartered Accountants has 25 partners and 100 audit staff. The firm provides a range of audit, assurance, tax and advisory/consultancy services. The firm has offices around the country and clients ranging from sole traders to limited liability companies.

The quality control partner has recently resigned. He has not yet been replaced as the Board of Partners of the firm has not been able to find a suitable replacement. Before his departure, the quality control partner was in the process of implementing a system of ethical compliance for assurance staff. Based on the foregoing, staff would be required to confirm in writing their compliance with the Code of Ethics, hence, implementation of this system is incomplete.

Oshodi Plc is one of the firm’s largest clients for which the firm provides audit, tax, and other advisory services. A new engagement partner has been assigned to the audit, as the previous partner in charge was the one who resigned. The fee for the audit work and other services has been set at the same level as the previous year in spite of the fact that additional work will need to be performed because Oshodi Plc has introduced a new computerized system. The starting date of the audit has been delayed due to problems with the new system. The management of Oshodi Plc was very insistent that the fee should not be increased as a result of this.

Required:

Discuss the requirements of ISQC 1: International Standard on Quality Control on overall audit firm level, which address each of the following:

a. Leadership responsibilities for quality (3 Marks)
b. Ethical requirements (5 Marks)
c. Acceptance and continuance of engagements (5 Marks)
d. Human resources (5 Marks)
e. Engagement performance (5 Marks)
f. Monitoring (4 Marks)
g. Documentation (3 Marks)

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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Dividend Policy

Brief on various dividend concepts, including residual theory, clientele effect, and signaling.

You are required to provide a briefing on the following dividend concepts:
a. Residual theory of dividends (3 Marks)
b. Clientele effect (3 Marks)
c. Asymmetric information (2 Marks)
d. Signaling properties of dividends (3 Marks)
e. The ‘bird-in-the-hand’ argument (4 Marks)

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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q6b – Financial Risk Management

Calculate the number of put options needed to delta-hedge a short position.

In your personal investment portfolio, you have gone short (i.e., you have sold) 110,000 units of Big Bank plc. Call and put options exist on the bank’s shares. You decide to hedge your position using put options on the bank’s shares. For the relevant option, you know that:
N(d1) = 0.45

You are required to calculate how many put options you will need to buy or sell to delta-hedge. Be specific.

 

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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q6a – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Evaluate hedging methods for a UK supplier payment of £5 million in three months.

a. You have worked with a major oil servicing company in Nigeria, with headquarters in the USA, for the past six years. Recently you completed your ICAN examinations, and you have been asked to join the international treasury department in New York City for a two-year attachment. The company is due to pay a UK supplier the sum of ₤5million in three months’ time. Your team is considering alternative methods of hedging the expected payment against adverse movements in exchange rate.

You are required to advise the company which of the following hedging strategies should be adopted for the payment due to be made in three months. Show all workings:
i. Forward contract (2 Marks)
ii. Currency futures (5 Marks)
iii. Currency options (5 Marks)

 

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q17 – Forensic Auditing

Identifying inappropriate actions for material fraud detected in a banking audit.

Which of the following actions is inappropriate to a material fraud detected during an audit of a banking institution?

A. Discuss the matter with at least one level of management above the perpetrators
B. Obtain further evidence
C. Mention it in the audit report
D. Suggest that the client consults with legal counsel about questions of law
E. Report the matter directly to the police

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q16 – Review of Subsequent Events and Going Concern Assumptions

Identifying the appropriate signatories for a Letter of Representation.

The Letter of representation is normally signed by:

A. Managing Director and Chairman of the Board
B. Managing Director and Company Secretary
C. Managing Director and Finance Director
D. Chairman of the Board and Finance Director
E. Chairman of Audit Committee and the Managing Director

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q15 – Audit of IT Systems and Data Analytics

Key focus areas for IT Auditors in a risk-based audit program.

While developing a risk-based audit program, the Information Technology Auditor most likely will focus on:

A. Strategic controls
B. Critical IT applications
C. Operation control
D. Business strategy
E. Business process

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CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q2b – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Calculation of Soar Plc’s basic and fully diluted earnings per share considering new shares, convertible loans, and associated financing costs.

The directors of Soar Plc have decided to replace most of the existing plant and machinery, which are now obsolete, during the year ended September 30, 2015, to enhance earnings. The costs of removing existing plant and acquiring and installing new plant have been estimated at N750,000.

To improve liquidity, the directors issued 800,000 ordinary shares at N2 per share fully paid on January 1, 2015, and N600,000 4% convertible loan notes on June 1, 2015. The conversion terms are as follows:

Date Number of shares per N100 of loan stock
2015 120
2016 125
2017 118
2018 122

The new ordinary shares rank for dividends in the current year. Relevant data for the year ended September 30, 2015:

  • Profit before interest and tax: N850,000
  • Effective company tax rate: 30%
  • Basic EPS for 2014: 48 kobo
  • Issued shares as of September 30, 2014:
    • 2,000,000 ordinary shares of 50 kobo each
    • 400,000 12% irredeemable preference shares of N1 each
    • 300,000 10% redeemable preference shares of N1 each
    • N700,000 8% redeemable debenture (non-convertible)

Required: Calculate for Soar Plc for the year ended September 30, 2015: i. Basic earnings per share (5 marks)
ii. Fully diluted earnings per share (5 marks)

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q14 – Regulatory Framework and Professional Standards

Determining criteria for immaterial information based on ISA 320.

According to ISA 320, the auditor is expected to treat information as IMMATERIAL if:

A. Its omission could influence the economic decision of users based on the financial statement
B. Its misstatement could alter the decision of stakeholders based on the financial statements
C. Its omission is within the audit objective
D. Its misstatement will make an audit objective to be defeated
E. Its omission threatens the going concern of the organisation

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CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q2a – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Explanation of the significance and shortcomings of Earnings Per Share (EPS) for Soar Plc’s management.

The objective of IAS 33 – Earnings Per Share is to improve the comparability of the performance of different entities in the same period and of the same entity in different accounting periods. This is done by prescribing the methods for determining the numbers of shares to be included in the calculation of earnings per share. The management of Soar Plc has sought your professional advice on the application of IAS 33.

Required: Advise the management of Soar Plc on the following:

i. Significance of Earnings Per Share (EPS). (5 marks)
ii. Shortcomings of Earnings Per Share (EPS). (5 marks)

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q13 – Audit Reporting

Determining the correct date to include on an audit report.

The auditor should always date the audit report on a date:

A. The financial statements were approved
B. After the directors have approved the financial statements
C. When the directors approved the audit work
D. The audit assignment was completed
E. The audit commenced

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – SA – Q12 – Forensic Auditing

Identifying examples unrelated to revenue-related fraud.

Which of the following is NOT an example of Revenue Related Fraud?

A. Accounting and documentary
B. Lifestyle of employees
C. Related party transactions
D. Management override of significant internal control activities
E. Sale of assets that is very similar to subsequent purchases at similar amounts

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CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q1b – Foreign Currency Transactions and Translation (IAS 21)

Explanation of IAS 21 translation requirements for assets, liabilities, income, and expenses of a foreign subsidiary in consolidation.

The directors of Bata Plc are considering the acquisition of a foreign subsidiary to facilitate foreign exchange access. However, they are uncertain about the requirements of IAS 21, ‘The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates,’ for translating a foreign subsidiary’s financial statements.

Required: Briefly explain to the directors of Bata Plc how the assets, liabilities, income, and expenses of a foreign subsidiary, including the resulting goodwill, are translated for consolidation purposes and the treatment of exchange differences arising from the translation.

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CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q1a – Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS 10)

Prepare consolidated financial statements for Bata Plc and subsidiaries including goodwill, NCI, and intra-group adjustments.

Bata Plc, which operates in the manufacturing sector, has been surviving the challenges operating in the Nigerian economic environment. The draft Statements of Financial Position of Bata Plc and its subsidiaries as at October 31, 2016 are as follows:

The following information is relevant to the preparation of the group financial statements:

  1. Acquisition Dates: Bata Plc acquired 60% of the share capital of Jewe Plc on November 1, 2012, and 10% of Gaba Plc on November 1, 2013, at costs of N852 million and N258 million, respectively. Jewe Plc acquired 70% of Gaba’s share capital on November 1, 2013.
  2. Retained Earnings at Acquisition:

  • Fair Values at Acquisition: The fair values of Jewe and Gaba’s net assets were N930 million and N660 million, respectively, including non-depreciable land. The fair value of non-controlling interest (NCI) was N390 million for Jewe and N330 million for Gaba. Bata Plc adopts the full goodwill method under IFRS 3.
  • Impairment: Impairment testing shows Jewe suffered a loss of N60 million, but Gaba had no impairment.
  • Intra-group Sales: Bata sold inventory to Jewe and Gaba for N480 million and N360 million, respectively, invoicing with a 25% markup on cost. At year-end, half of Jewe’s inventory remains unsold, while Gaba sold its entire stock to third parties.
  • Deep Discount Bond: Bata purchased a bond for N500 million with a redemption value of N740.75 million in three years. The bond’s effective interest rate is estimated at 14%. The Accountant has not yet recorded amortized cost for this financial asset.

Required: Prepare a Consolidated Statement of Financial Position for Bata Plc and its subsidiaries as at October 31, 2016.

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