Topic: Financial Instruments (IAS 32, IFRS 9)

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  • 8 Marks

CR – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Financial Instruments (IFRS 9, IAS 32, IAS 39)

Discuss IFRS 9 rules on derecognition of financial assets, apply these rules to factoring, and analyze ethical implications of falsifying a land sale.

The directors of Omi PLC reviewed the group statement of financial position as of November 30, 2020. Concerned about meeting future loan agreements, they proposed the following actions to improve liquidity:

  1. Factoring of Receivables:
    • Factoring N400 million of receivables.
    • 80% cash is received immediately (N320 million), and the factoring company charges N32 million.
    • The balance will be paid 30 days later.
  2. Adjusting Financial Statements:
    • The executive director suggested falsifying financial statements to show that land located in Ikoyi was sold before year-end to improve liquidity.

Required:

  • Discuss the rules of IFRS 9 – Financial Instrument on derecognition of financial assets.
  • Apply these rules to factoring in part (1).
  • Discuss the ethical implications of falsifying the sale of land in part (2).

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2018 – L3 – SC – Q6 – Financial Instruments (IAS 32)

Classify cryptocurrency holdings in financial statements, addressing IAS 32, IAS 38, and IAS 2.

You have been asked to make a presentation to your team on cryptocurrencies. A snapshot of your draft presentation includes the following:

“Cryptocurrency is a new phenomenon in the financial market. A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency designed to serve as a medium of exchange. Cryptocurrencies are created through cryptography, often with a maximum possible number of ‘coins’ that can exist through solutions to a complex algorithm with their value supported only by the laws of supply and demand. Cryptocurrencies are currently not regulated by government or other similar entity.

The following are some of the types of cryptocurrency in the market:

  • Bitcoin: The first-ever cryptocurrency that started the market awareness and “boom.”
  • Ethereum: A programmable currency that lets developers build different distributed apps and technologies that wouldn’t work with Bitcoin.
  • Ripple: Unlike most cryptocurrencies, it doesn’t use a blockchain to reach a network-wide consensus for transactions. An iterative consensus process is implemented, which makes it faster than Bitcoin but also makes it vulnerable to hacker attacks.

There are many merchants – both online and offline – that accept Bitcoin as a form of payment, while Ethereum and Ripple are not yet widely accepted.

Required:

Following your presentation, you are asked how a holding of cryptocurrency should be classified in the financial statements of your clients. (15 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Nov 2023 – L3 – SB – Q4 – Financial Instruments (IFRS 9)

Discuss IFRS 9 derecognition rules, trade receivables factoring, and FVTOCI investment strategy for Pelumi Limited.

a. Derecognition of financial instruments is the removal of a previously recognised financial asset or liability from an entity’s statement of financial position.

Required:
Discuss the rules of IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments relating to the derecognition of a financial asset. (10 Marks)

b. Royal Business Limited (RBL) held a portfolio of trade receivables with a carrying amount of N40 million as of May 31, 2022. At that date, the entity entered into a factoring agreement with Hexlinks Bank Limited (HBL), whereby it transfers the receivables in exchange for N36 million in cash. Royal Business Limited has agreed to reimburse the factor (HBL) for any shortfall between the amount collected and N36 million. Once the receivables have been collected, any amount above N36 million, less interest on this amount, will be repaid to Royal Business Limited. Royal Business Limited has derecognised the receivables and charged N4 million as a loss to profit or loss.

Required:
Explain how the rules of derecognition of the financial assets will affect the portfolio of trade receivables in Royal Business Limited’s financial statements. (3 Marks)

c. During the year 2021, Pelumi Limited invested in 800,000 shares in an NGX quoted company. The shares were purchased at N4.54 per share. The broker collected a commission of 1% on the transaction. Pelumi Limited elected to measure their shares at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI). The quoted share price as of December 31, 2021, was N4.22 to N4.26. Pelumi Limited decided to adopt a ‘sale and buy back’ strategy for the shares to realise a tax loss and therefore sold the shares at the market price on December 31, 2021, and bought the same quantity back the following day. The market price did not change on January 1, 2022. The broker collected a 1% commission on both transactions.

Required:
Explain the IFRS 9 accounting treatment of the above shares in the financial statement of Pelumi Limited for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Note: Show relevant calculations. (7 Marks)

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  • 9 Marks

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q7b – Financial Instruments (IAS 32, IFRS 9)

Calculate amortised cost and fair value of a financial liability issued by Anifowose Plc.

Anifowose Plc issued a debt instrument at its fair value of N100 million on January 1, 2013. The debt instrument is to mature in 2017. It has a principal amount of N125 million and carries a fixed interest rate of 4.72%, which is paid annually. The effective interest rate is 10%, and on December 31, 2015, it had a fair value of 105 for every N10 nominal value. The company makes up its accounts to December 31 every year.

Required:

i. Show your computation schedule for the amortised cost of the financial liability up to December 31, 2015, on the assumption that the financial liability is valued at amortised cost.

ii. What is the value of the financial liability as of December 31, 2015, if the fair value option is adopted by Anifowose Plc?

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  • 6 Marks

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q7a – Financial Instruments (IAS 32, IFRS 9)

Explain fair value and amortised cost measurement of financial assets under IAS 39 with examples of applicable asset classes.

After initial recognition in the Financial Statements, Financial Assets are measured either at fair value or amortised cost according to the provisions of IAS 39 – Financial Instruments: Recognition & Measurement.

Required:

Briefly explain how fair value and amortised costs of financial assets are determined and give one example each of the class of financial assets that can be measured using the methods.

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  • 8 Marks

FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q4d – Amortisation Schedule for Bond

Prepare amortisation schedule for Lagos State Government Bond and record journal entries on maturity date.

On January 1, 2020, an entity bought Lagos State Government Bond in the capital market for N575,000,000. The principal amount of the bond is
N500,000,000 and it is redeemable at par on December 31, 2025. The bond has a stated interest rate of 15% payable annually and an effective interest rate of 12%. Draft an amortisation schedule to indicate the amortised cost at the end of each year and the journal entries at the end of December 31, 2025

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  • 4 Marks

FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q4c – IFRS 9 Financial Instrument Classes

Describe two classifications of financial instruments under IFRS 9, including criteria for measurement.

Explain TWO classes of financial instruments in accordance with IFRS 9. (4 Marks)

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  • 6 Marks

FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q7b – Business Model Test

Explain the steps in applying the Business Model Test under IFRS 9.

b. Explain the basic steps in the application of the Business Model Test in IFRS 9. (6 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q5 – Financial Instruments

Explains financial assets and liabilities, and categorizes financial assets under IFRS 9.

a. IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments defines a financial instrument as a contract that gives rise to both a financial asset in one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument in another entity.

Required:
i. Explain the terms “financial asset” and “financial liability.” (3 Marks)
ii. Describe with examples THREE categories of financial assets in accordance with IFRS 9. (7 Marks)

b. Olisa Nigeria PLC issued a stepped bond on January 1, 2018 with an issue value of N10million. The bond pays a coupon rate of 5% interest for the first two years and 7% interest for the next two years. The interest on the bond is paid annually on the anniversary of the bond issue. The bond has an effective interest rate of 5.94234% and is expected to be redeemed at par after four years.

Required:
Calculate the amortised cost of the bond at the end of each year over its life.
(5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SB – Q6 – Financial Instruments (IAS 32)

Discuss how to treat transactions of debt and equity instruments in Akwa Nig. Limited under IAS 32.

Akwa Nig. Limited is a private limited company planning to be registered with the Nigeria Exchange Limited (NGX). The company is engaged in the conversion of petrol engines into compressed gas engines.

The following are the transactions of the company in respect of its debts and equity instruments.

Transaction 1:
Akwa Nig. Limited issued 40 million non-redeemable N1 preference shares at par value. Under the terms relating to the preference shares, a dividend is payable on the preference shares only if Akwa Nig. Limited also pays a dividend on its ordinary shares for the same period. (5 Marks)

Transaction 2:
Akwa Nig. Limited entered into a contract with a supplier to buy a significant item of equipment. Under the terms of the agreement, the supplier will receive ordinary shares with an equivalent value of N5 million one year after the equipment is delivered. (5 Marks)

Transaction 3:
The directors of Akwa Nig. Limited, on becoming directors, are required to invest a fixed agreed sum of money in a special class of N1 ordinary shares that only directors hold. Dividend payments on the shares are discretionary and are ratified at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the company. When a director’s service contract expires, Akwa Nig. Limited is required to repurchase the shares at their nominal value. (5 Marks)

A senior accountant in your company (Akwa Nig. Limited) has asked for your advice on how the above transactions should be treated in the financial statements of your company in accordance with IAS 32 – Financial Instruments: Presentation.

Required:
Write a memo on the above request, discussing and justifying how each of the transactions should be treated in the financial statements, in accordance with IAS 32 – Financial Instruments: Presentation.

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  • 8 Marks

CR – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Financial Instruments (IFRS 9, IAS 32, IAS 39)

Discuss IFRS 9 rules on derecognition of financial assets, apply these rules to factoring, and analyze ethical implications of falsifying a land sale.

The directors of Omi PLC reviewed the group statement of financial position as of November 30, 2020. Concerned about meeting future loan agreements, they proposed the following actions to improve liquidity:

  1. Factoring of Receivables:
    • Factoring N400 million of receivables.
    • 80% cash is received immediately (N320 million), and the factoring company charges N32 million.
    • The balance will be paid 30 days later.
  2. Adjusting Financial Statements:
    • The executive director suggested falsifying financial statements to show that land located in Ikoyi was sold before year-end to improve liquidity.

Required:

  • Discuss the rules of IFRS 9 – Financial Instrument on derecognition of financial assets.
  • Apply these rules to factoring in part (1).
  • Discuss the ethical implications of falsifying the sale of land in part (2).

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2018 – L3 – SC – Q6 – Financial Instruments (IAS 32)

Classify cryptocurrency holdings in financial statements, addressing IAS 32, IAS 38, and IAS 2.

You have been asked to make a presentation to your team on cryptocurrencies. A snapshot of your draft presentation includes the following:

“Cryptocurrency is a new phenomenon in the financial market. A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency designed to serve as a medium of exchange. Cryptocurrencies are created through cryptography, often with a maximum possible number of ‘coins’ that can exist through solutions to a complex algorithm with their value supported only by the laws of supply and demand. Cryptocurrencies are currently not regulated by government or other similar entity.

The following are some of the types of cryptocurrency in the market:

  • Bitcoin: The first-ever cryptocurrency that started the market awareness and “boom.”
  • Ethereum: A programmable currency that lets developers build different distributed apps and technologies that wouldn’t work with Bitcoin.
  • Ripple: Unlike most cryptocurrencies, it doesn’t use a blockchain to reach a network-wide consensus for transactions. An iterative consensus process is implemented, which makes it faster than Bitcoin but also makes it vulnerable to hacker attacks.

There are many merchants – both online and offline – that accept Bitcoin as a form of payment, while Ethereum and Ripple are not yet widely accepted.

Required:

Following your presentation, you are asked how a holding of cryptocurrency should be classified in the financial statements of your clients. (15 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Nov 2023 – L3 – SB – Q4 – Financial Instruments (IFRS 9)

Discuss IFRS 9 derecognition rules, trade receivables factoring, and FVTOCI investment strategy for Pelumi Limited.

a. Derecognition of financial instruments is the removal of a previously recognised financial asset or liability from an entity’s statement of financial position.

Required:
Discuss the rules of IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments relating to the derecognition of a financial asset. (10 Marks)

b. Royal Business Limited (RBL) held a portfolio of trade receivables with a carrying amount of N40 million as of May 31, 2022. At that date, the entity entered into a factoring agreement with Hexlinks Bank Limited (HBL), whereby it transfers the receivables in exchange for N36 million in cash. Royal Business Limited has agreed to reimburse the factor (HBL) for any shortfall between the amount collected and N36 million. Once the receivables have been collected, any amount above N36 million, less interest on this amount, will be repaid to Royal Business Limited. Royal Business Limited has derecognised the receivables and charged N4 million as a loss to profit or loss.

Required:
Explain how the rules of derecognition of the financial assets will affect the portfolio of trade receivables in Royal Business Limited’s financial statements. (3 Marks)

c. During the year 2021, Pelumi Limited invested in 800,000 shares in an NGX quoted company. The shares were purchased at N4.54 per share. The broker collected a commission of 1% on the transaction. Pelumi Limited elected to measure their shares at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI). The quoted share price as of December 31, 2021, was N4.22 to N4.26. Pelumi Limited decided to adopt a ‘sale and buy back’ strategy for the shares to realise a tax loss and therefore sold the shares at the market price on December 31, 2021, and bought the same quantity back the following day. The market price did not change on January 1, 2022. The broker collected a 1% commission on both transactions.

Required:
Explain the IFRS 9 accounting treatment of the above shares in the financial statement of Pelumi Limited for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Note: Show relevant calculations. (7 Marks)

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  • 9 Marks

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q7b – Financial Instruments (IAS 32, IFRS 9)

Calculate amortised cost and fair value of a financial liability issued by Anifowose Plc.

Anifowose Plc issued a debt instrument at its fair value of N100 million on January 1, 2013. The debt instrument is to mature in 2017. It has a principal amount of N125 million and carries a fixed interest rate of 4.72%, which is paid annually. The effective interest rate is 10%, and on December 31, 2015, it had a fair value of 105 for every N10 nominal value. The company makes up its accounts to December 31 every year.

Required:

i. Show your computation schedule for the amortised cost of the financial liability up to December 31, 2015, on the assumption that the financial liability is valued at amortised cost.

ii. What is the value of the financial liability as of December 31, 2015, if the fair value option is adopted by Anifowose Plc?

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  • 6 Marks

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q7a – Financial Instruments (IAS 32, IFRS 9)

Explain fair value and amortised cost measurement of financial assets under IAS 39 with examples of applicable asset classes.

After initial recognition in the Financial Statements, Financial Assets are measured either at fair value or amortised cost according to the provisions of IAS 39 – Financial Instruments: Recognition & Measurement.

Required:

Briefly explain how fair value and amortised costs of financial assets are determined and give one example each of the class of financial assets that can be measured using the methods.

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  • 8 Marks

FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q4d – Amortisation Schedule for Bond

Prepare amortisation schedule for Lagos State Government Bond and record journal entries on maturity date.

On January 1, 2020, an entity bought Lagos State Government Bond in the capital market for N575,000,000. The principal amount of the bond is
N500,000,000 and it is redeemable at par on December 31, 2025. The bond has a stated interest rate of 15% payable annually and an effective interest rate of 12%. Draft an amortisation schedule to indicate the amortised cost at the end of each year and the journal entries at the end of December 31, 2025

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  • 4 Marks

FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q4c – IFRS 9 Financial Instrument Classes

Describe two classifications of financial instruments under IFRS 9, including criteria for measurement.

Explain TWO classes of financial instruments in accordance with IFRS 9. (4 Marks)

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  • 6 Marks

FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q7b – Business Model Test

Explain the steps in applying the Business Model Test under IFRS 9.

b. Explain the basic steps in the application of the Business Model Test in IFRS 9. (6 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q5 – Financial Instruments

Explains financial assets and liabilities, and categorizes financial assets under IFRS 9.

a. IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments defines a financial instrument as a contract that gives rise to both a financial asset in one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument in another entity.

Required:
i. Explain the terms “financial asset” and “financial liability.” (3 Marks)
ii. Describe with examples THREE categories of financial assets in accordance with IFRS 9. (7 Marks)

b. Olisa Nigeria PLC issued a stepped bond on January 1, 2018 with an issue value of N10million. The bond pays a coupon rate of 5% interest for the first two years and 7% interest for the next two years. The interest on the bond is paid annually on the anniversary of the bond issue. The bond has an effective interest rate of 5.94234% and is expected to be redeemed at par after four years.

Required:
Calculate the amortised cost of the bond at the end of each year over its life.
(5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SB – Q6 – Financial Instruments (IAS 32)

Discuss how to treat transactions of debt and equity instruments in Akwa Nig. Limited under IAS 32.

Akwa Nig. Limited is a private limited company planning to be registered with the Nigeria Exchange Limited (NGX). The company is engaged in the conversion of petrol engines into compressed gas engines.

The following are the transactions of the company in respect of its debts and equity instruments.

Transaction 1:
Akwa Nig. Limited issued 40 million non-redeemable N1 preference shares at par value. Under the terms relating to the preference shares, a dividend is payable on the preference shares only if Akwa Nig. Limited also pays a dividend on its ordinary shares for the same period. (5 Marks)

Transaction 2:
Akwa Nig. Limited entered into a contract with a supplier to buy a significant item of equipment. Under the terms of the agreement, the supplier will receive ordinary shares with an equivalent value of N5 million one year after the equipment is delivered. (5 Marks)

Transaction 3:
The directors of Akwa Nig. Limited, on becoming directors, are required to invest a fixed agreed sum of money in a special class of N1 ordinary shares that only directors hold. Dividend payments on the shares are discretionary and are ratified at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the company. When a director’s service contract expires, Akwa Nig. Limited is required to repurchase the shares at their nominal value. (5 Marks)

A senior accountant in your company (Akwa Nig. Limited) has asked for your advice on how the above transactions should be treated in the financial statements of your company in accordance with IAS 32 – Financial Instruments: Presentation.

Required:
Write a memo on the above request, discussing and justifying how each of the transactions should be treated in the financial statements, in accordance with IAS 32 – Financial Instruments: Presentation.

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