Topic: Cash Budgets and Master Budgets

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MA – March 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis

Prepare a profit statement based on demand and propose an optimal production plan considering resource limitations and price adjustments.

The following data relates to the planned activity of three products of Parlour Plc:

Demand (units):
Tintin: 15,000
Panpan: 10,000
Sonson: 12,500
i) Due to the general rise in prices, the company envisages that labour and variable production overhead costs will rise by 20% while material costs increase by 15%. It is the policy of the firm to maintain at all times the current mark-up (to the nearest whole number) on the total variable cost for each of the three products.

ii) The following resources are available to support the production:

Material: 60,000kgs
Labour hours: 65,000 hours
iii) The three products are complements, and the company envisages that 50% of the demand for all products has to be met for any operating year.

iv) The annual fixed cost, which will not be affected by the price adjustment, is estimated at GH¢42,500.

Required:
a) Prepare a profit statement assuming the company has capacity to meet all demand and considering the needed adjustments to reflect the proposed price changes. (8 marks)

b) Based on the resource limitation and proposed adjustment, what should be the optimal production plan? (10 marks)

c) Determine the associated profit from the optimal production plan. (2 marks)

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MA – Nov 2017 – L2 – Q2b – Cash budgets and master budgets

Calculate purchases figures and prepare a cash budget for a three-month period based on given financial information and sales projections.

b) Abigail Acheampong is in the process of preparing budgets for the period October to December 2017. The following information has been provided to assist in the budgeting process:

  • Sales are 20% cash and 80% credit. Credit sales are collected over a three month period, 15% in the month of sale, 70% in the month following sale and 15% in the second month following sale. Bad debts of 5% are anticipated on all credit sales.
  • Total sales revenue in August amounts to GH¢30,000 and September’s total sales revenue amounts to GH¢36,000.
  • Cost of sales is expected to amount to 60% of sales revenue each month.
  • The business maintains its closing inventory levels at 75% of the following month’s cost of sales. Inventory at the beginning of October is expected to amount to GH¢18,000.
  • 50% of inventory purchased is paid in the month of purchase. The remaining 50% is paid for in the month following purchase. As at 30 September 2017, amount owed for purchases are GH¢11,700.
  • A grant of GH¢20,000 is expected to be received in mid-October.
  • A second hand van which cost GH¢8,000 three years ago is expected to be sold in December 2017 for GH¢3,000. At this time the expected net book value of the van is GH¢1,800.
  • Equipment costing GH¢4,500 will be purchased and paid for in November 2017. The equipment will be depreciated on a straight line basis over three years.
  • Operating expenses are paid as incurred. These have been estimated as follows: GH¢ October 12,800 November 18,900 December 14,600 The above figures include depreciation on existing assets of GH¢2,000 per month.
  • The cash balance on 1 October is expected to amount to GH¢8,000

Required: i) Calculate the purchases figure for each month from October 2017 to December 2017.

(3 marks)

ii) Prepare a cash budget on a monthly basis and in total for the period October 2017 to December 2017. (12 marks)

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MA – July 2023 – L2 – Q3b – Cash budgets and master budgets

Prepare a monthly cash budget for the first quarter of 2023 for GoGo Ltd, including debtors collection and creditors payment schedules.

b) An extract from the accounts of GoGo Ltd for the last quarter of 2022 is as follows:

The selling price for the products is expected to be GH¢2.5 for the first quarter of 2023. Generally, 60% of sales is collected in the month of sale while 35% is collected in the following month, with the remaining debts declared as bad thereon. The company introduced a debt recovery strategy in the third quarter of 2022 which yielded a collection of 75% of outstanding debts in the first month after being declared as bad debt.

ii) One kilogramme of the raw material can be used to produce two products. A kilogramme of the raw material cost GH¢1.30. Due to an anticipated shortage in raw materials, the company plans to pay for all purchases of raw materials, one month ahead of time.

iii) Wages and variable production overheads are charged at GH¢0.50 and GH¢0.25 respectively per unit produced. Wages and all overheads are paid in the month in which they are incurred. Included in fixed overheads is a monthly depreciation of GH¢750. All other owings are due for payment in the month of January.

Required: Prepare the monthly cash budget for the first quarter of 2023, showing the sub-totals.

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MA – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q2b – Budgetary Control, Cash Budgets and Master Budgets

Prepare various budgets and an income statement for October 2019 for Mercury Company’s TomaCan product.

Mercury Company’s management wants to prepare budgets for one of its products, TomaCan, for October 2019.

The firm sells the product for GH¢75 per unit and has the following expected sales (in units) for these months in 2019:

July August September October November December
6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000

The production process requires 5 kilos of Atadwe and 3 kilos of Ginger. The firm’s policy is to maintain an ending finished goods inventory each month equal to 15% of the following month’s budgeted sales, but in no case less than 1,300 units. All materials inventories are to be maintained at 10% of the production needs for the next month, but not to exceed 3,000 kilos. The firm expects all inventories at the end of September to be within the guidelines. The purchase department expects the materials to cost GH¢1.75 per kilo for Ginger and GH¢5.00 per kilo for Atadwe respectively.

The production process requires direct labor at two Skill Levels (SL). The rate for labor at SL1 is GH¢45 per hour, and for SL2 is GH¢25 per hour. SL1 can process one batch of TomaCan per hour, while SL2 uses double the time of SL1 for the same output. Each batch consists of 10 units.

Variable manufacturing overhead is GH¢100 per batch plus GH¢75 per direct labor-hour. Fixed production overhead is GH¢51,240. It is the plan of Mercury Company to spend a third of variable and fixed production overhead costs on selling and administration expenses. The company is in the 25% tax bracket but enjoys a rebate of 50% because of its location. The company uses an actual cost system. The unit cost of production in October is the same as that of September.

Required: On the basis of the preceding data and projections, prepare the following budgets:

i) Production budget for October (in units).
ii) Direct materials purchases budget for October (in kilos).
iii) Direct materials purchases budget for October (in Cedis).
iv) Direct manufacturing labor budget for October (in Cedis).
v) Income statement for the month of October 2019.

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MA – May 2020 – L2 – Q2b – Cash budgets and master budgets

Prepare a cash budget for Emefa Ltd for October 2019 based on the given sales and cost data.

b) Emefa Ltd (Emefa) is in the process of preparing its budget for the month of October 2019 for its product, YEK. The Company expects to sell the product for GH¢75 but this price is expected to increase in the last quarter of 2019 by 5%. The following are the expected sales in units for the last six months in 2019.

Month Units
August 7,000
September 8,000
October 9,000

In October 2019, a total of 9,150 units of product YEK are expected to be produced to meet demand.

Typically, cash sales represent 20% of sales. Credit sales terms are 2/10, n/30. Emefa bills customers on the first day of the month following the month of sale. Experience has shown that 60% of the billings will be collected within the discount period, 25% by the end of the month after sales, 10% by the end of the second month after the sale, and 5% will ultimately be uncollectible. The firm writes off uncollectible accounts after 12 months.

The firm uses two materials for production, Mat and Pat. The purchase terms for materials are 2/15, n/60. Experience has shown that 80% of the purchases are paid in the month of the purchase and the remainder is paid in the month immediately following. In September 2019, the firm budgeted purchases were GH¢32,000 for Mat and GH¢20,000 for Pat.

The firm’s budgeted direct material and labour budgets are as follows:

Direct Materials Purchases Budget (in Cedis) For October 2019

Material Budgeted Purchases (Pounds) Expected Purchase Price per Unit (GH¢) Total (GH¢)
Mat 45,000 2.00 90,000
Pat 25,000 3.00 75,000
Total Budgeted Purchases 165,000

The production process requires direct labour at two skill levels (SL). The rate for labour at the SL1 level is GH¢45 per hour and for the SL2 level is GH¢25 per hour. The SL1 level can process one batch of YEK per hour while SL2 uses two (2) hours for the same output. Each batch consists of ten (10) units. The manufacturing of YEK also requires one-fifth of an hour of SL2 workers’ time for each unit manufactured.

Variable manufacturing overhead is GH¢100 per batch plus GH¢75 per direct labour-hour. In addition to variable overhead, the firm has a monthly fixed factory overhead of GH¢60,000, of which GH¢18,000 is depreciation expense. The firm pays all manufacturing labour and factory overhead when incurred.

Total budgeted marketing, distribution, customer service, and administrative costs for the 2019 annual budget are GH¢3,000,000. Of this amount, GH¢2,000,000 is considered fixed and includes depreciation expense of GH¢400,000. All marketing and administrative costs are paid in the month incurred.

Management desires to maintain an end-of-month minimum cash balance of GH¢100,000. The firm has an agreement with a local bank to borrow its short-term needs in multiples of GH¢10,000 up to GH¢1,000,000 at an annual interest rate of 26%. Borrowings are assumed to occur at the end of the month. Bank borrowing at October 1 was GH¢0.

Required:

Prepare the cash budget for October 2019 for Emefa Ltd. (10 marks)

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MA – Nov 2021 – L2 – Q3b – Cash Budgets and Master Budgets

Extract the cash budget for the second quarter showing the cash balance for each month.

b) The budgeted Income Statement for Zeedan Company for the year 2020 is presented below.

Description GH¢
Sales revenue 930,000
Cost of sales 558,000
Gross profit 372,000
Total expenses 225,000
Net profit 147,000

Notes:
i) Monthly sales in each quarter are the same. The sales for January are GH¢50,000 and this will remain unchanged up to March when it will increase by GH¢20,000 from April and remain unchanged for the remaining two months in the quarter. Third quarter monthly sales will be GH¢90,000 each while those of the fourth quarter are GH¢100,000 each.
ii) 20% of all sales are on a cash basis, 40% of the monthly sales are paid in the month after sales, and the balance is paid the second month after sales. No bad debt is expected.
iii) The monthly cost of sales represents 60% of the current month’s sales. Inventory is kept at 60% of the following month’s cost of sales. All purchases are paid in full after one month.
iv) Included in the expenses is a depreciation of GH¢87,000. The monthly expenses paid as and when incurred are GH¢10,000. This is fixed in January but increased by 20% effective April.

Required:
Extract the Cash Budget for the second quarter of the year, showing the cash balance for each month in the quarter.

(10 marks)

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MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q2b – Budgetary control, Cash budgets and master budgets

Prepare the production and labour budgets for a manufacturing company for the first quarter of 2016.

Diminutive Limited is a manufacturing company situated at the Jubilee field that produces chemicals for oil production. The company is preparing its budget for the coming year. It expects to be able to sell 10,000 tonnes of its only product, the “Sparkle Oil,” in January 2016. Sales are then expected to rise to 11,000 tonnes in February and 14,000 tonnes in March and then remain stable for the rest of the year.

Diminutive Limited aims to carry a finished goods inventory at the end of each month equal to 10% of the following month’s sales. Each “Sparkle Oil” takes 2 hours of labour to make. Diminutive Limited’s 132 production workers are employed on contracts that require them to work a minimum of 160 hours per month and are each paid GH¢1,280 per month. Production workers are highly skilled and require a minimum of one year’s training. In the short term, it is not possible to recruit any more production workers. Any labour hours required in excess of 160 hours per worker are made up by overtime that is paid at the basic rate plus an overtime premium of 48% of the basic rate.

Required:

i) Prepare the production budget on a monthly basis for the first quarter of 2016. (3 marks)

ii) Prepare the labour budget for the first quarter of 2016 showing both hours and labour cost (assume that all production workers work at least 160 hours per month). (6 marks)

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MA – May 2016 – L2 – Q1a – Budgetary Control, Cash Budgets and Master Budgets

Discuss differences and benefits of budgeting models and the advantages of cash budget as a control tool.

Your newly appointed Managing Director is preparing to deliver a paper on the need to keep budgets clean and use it as a model of change in the organization. As the Management Accountant of your organization, briefly explain to him:

i) FOUR differences between Zero-Based and Activity-Based Budgeting. (4 marks)

ii) FOUR benefits of Activity-Based Budgeting. (4 marks)

iii) FOUR advantages of using a cash budget as a management control tool. (4 marks)

 

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MA – March 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis

Prepare a profit statement based on demand and propose an optimal production plan considering resource limitations and price adjustments.

The following data relates to the planned activity of three products of Parlour Plc:

Demand (units):
Tintin: 15,000
Panpan: 10,000
Sonson: 12,500
i) Due to the general rise in prices, the company envisages that labour and variable production overhead costs will rise by 20% while material costs increase by 15%. It is the policy of the firm to maintain at all times the current mark-up (to the nearest whole number) on the total variable cost for each of the three products.

ii) The following resources are available to support the production:

Material: 60,000kgs
Labour hours: 65,000 hours
iii) The three products are complements, and the company envisages that 50% of the demand for all products has to be met for any operating year.

iv) The annual fixed cost, which will not be affected by the price adjustment, is estimated at GH¢42,500.

Required:
a) Prepare a profit statement assuming the company has capacity to meet all demand and considering the needed adjustments to reflect the proposed price changes. (8 marks)

b) Based on the resource limitation and proposed adjustment, what should be the optimal production plan? (10 marks)

c) Determine the associated profit from the optimal production plan. (2 marks)

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MA – Nov 2017 – L2 – Q2b – Cash budgets and master budgets

Calculate purchases figures and prepare a cash budget for a three-month period based on given financial information and sales projections.

b) Abigail Acheampong is in the process of preparing budgets for the period October to December 2017. The following information has been provided to assist in the budgeting process:

  • Sales are 20% cash and 80% credit. Credit sales are collected over a three month period, 15% in the month of sale, 70% in the month following sale and 15% in the second month following sale. Bad debts of 5% are anticipated on all credit sales.
  • Total sales revenue in August amounts to GH¢30,000 and September’s total sales revenue amounts to GH¢36,000.
  • Cost of sales is expected to amount to 60% of sales revenue each month.
  • The business maintains its closing inventory levels at 75% of the following month’s cost of sales. Inventory at the beginning of October is expected to amount to GH¢18,000.
  • 50% of inventory purchased is paid in the month of purchase. The remaining 50% is paid for in the month following purchase. As at 30 September 2017, amount owed for purchases are GH¢11,700.
  • A grant of GH¢20,000 is expected to be received in mid-October.
  • A second hand van which cost GH¢8,000 three years ago is expected to be sold in December 2017 for GH¢3,000. At this time the expected net book value of the van is GH¢1,800.
  • Equipment costing GH¢4,500 will be purchased and paid for in November 2017. The equipment will be depreciated on a straight line basis over three years.
  • Operating expenses are paid as incurred. These have been estimated as follows: GH¢ October 12,800 November 18,900 December 14,600 The above figures include depreciation on existing assets of GH¢2,000 per month.
  • The cash balance on 1 October is expected to amount to GH¢8,000

Required: i) Calculate the purchases figure for each month from October 2017 to December 2017.

(3 marks)

ii) Prepare a cash budget on a monthly basis and in total for the period October 2017 to December 2017. (12 marks)

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MA – July 2023 – L2 – Q3b – Cash budgets and master budgets

Prepare a monthly cash budget for the first quarter of 2023 for GoGo Ltd, including debtors collection and creditors payment schedules.

b) An extract from the accounts of GoGo Ltd for the last quarter of 2022 is as follows:

The selling price for the products is expected to be GH¢2.5 for the first quarter of 2023. Generally, 60% of sales is collected in the month of sale while 35% is collected in the following month, with the remaining debts declared as bad thereon. The company introduced a debt recovery strategy in the third quarter of 2022 which yielded a collection of 75% of outstanding debts in the first month after being declared as bad debt.

ii) One kilogramme of the raw material can be used to produce two products. A kilogramme of the raw material cost GH¢1.30. Due to an anticipated shortage in raw materials, the company plans to pay for all purchases of raw materials, one month ahead of time.

iii) Wages and variable production overheads are charged at GH¢0.50 and GH¢0.25 respectively per unit produced. Wages and all overheads are paid in the month in which they are incurred. Included in fixed overheads is a monthly depreciation of GH¢750. All other owings are due for payment in the month of January.

Required: Prepare the monthly cash budget for the first quarter of 2023, showing the sub-totals.

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MA – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q2b – Budgetary Control, Cash Budgets and Master Budgets

Prepare various budgets and an income statement for October 2019 for Mercury Company’s TomaCan product.

Mercury Company’s management wants to prepare budgets for one of its products, TomaCan, for October 2019.

The firm sells the product for GH¢75 per unit and has the following expected sales (in units) for these months in 2019:

July August September October November December
6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000

The production process requires 5 kilos of Atadwe and 3 kilos of Ginger. The firm’s policy is to maintain an ending finished goods inventory each month equal to 15% of the following month’s budgeted sales, but in no case less than 1,300 units. All materials inventories are to be maintained at 10% of the production needs for the next month, but not to exceed 3,000 kilos. The firm expects all inventories at the end of September to be within the guidelines. The purchase department expects the materials to cost GH¢1.75 per kilo for Ginger and GH¢5.00 per kilo for Atadwe respectively.

The production process requires direct labor at two Skill Levels (SL). The rate for labor at SL1 is GH¢45 per hour, and for SL2 is GH¢25 per hour. SL1 can process one batch of TomaCan per hour, while SL2 uses double the time of SL1 for the same output. Each batch consists of 10 units.

Variable manufacturing overhead is GH¢100 per batch plus GH¢75 per direct labor-hour. Fixed production overhead is GH¢51,240. It is the plan of Mercury Company to spend a third of variable and fixed production overhead costs on selling and administration expenses. The company is in the 25% tax bracket but enjoys a rebate of 50% because of its location. The company uses an actual cost system. The unit cost of production in October is the same as that of September.

Required: On the basis of the preceding data and projections, prepare the following budgets:

i) Production budget for October (in units).
ii) Direct materials purchases budget for October (in kilos).
iii) Direct materials purchases budget for October (in Cedis).
iv) Direct manufacturing labor budget for October (in Cedis).
v) Income statement for the month of October 2019.

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MA – May 2020 – L2 – Q2b – Cash budgets and master budgets

Prepare a cash budget for Emefa Ltd for October 2019 based on the given sales and cost data.

b) Emefa Ltd (Emefa) is in the process of preparing its budget for the month of October 2019 for its product, YEK. The Company expects to sell the product for GH¢75 but this price is expected to increase in the last quarter of 2019 by 5%. The following are the expected sales in units for the last six months in 2019.

Month Units
August 7,000
September 8,000
October 9,000

In October 2019, a total of 9,150 units of product YEK are expected to be produced to meet demand.

Typically, cash sales represent 20% of sales. Credit sales terms are 2/10, n/30. Emefa bills customers on the first day of the month following the month of sale. Experience has shown that 60% of the billings will be collected within the discount period, 25% by the end of the month after sales, 10% by the end of the second month after the sale, and 5% will ultimately be uncollectible. The firm writes off uncollectible accounts after 12 months.

The firm uses two materials for production, Mat and Pat. The purchase terms for materials are 2/15, n/60. Experience has shown that 80% of the purchases are paid in the month of the purchase and the remainder is paid in the month immediately following. In September 2019, the firm budgeted purchases were GH¢32,000 for Mat and GH¢20,000 for Pat.

The firm’s budgeted direct material and labour budgets are as follows:

Direct Materials Purchases Budget (in Cedis) For October 2019

Material Budgeted Purchases (Pounds) Expected Purchase Price per Unit (GH¢) Total (GH¢)
Mat 45,000 2.00 90,000
Pat 25,000 3.00 75,000
Total Budgeted Purchases 165,000

The production process requires direct labour at two skill levels (SL). The rate for labour at the SL1 level is GH¢45 per hour and for the SL2 level is GH¢25 per hour. The SL1 level can process one batch of YEK per hour while SL2 uses two (2) hours for the same output. Each batch consists of ten (10) units. The manufacturing of YEK also requires one-fifth of an hour of SL2 workers’ time for each unit manufactured.

Variable manufacturing overhead is GH¢100 per batch plus GH¢75 per direct labour-hour. In addition to variable overhead, the firm has a monthly fixed factory overhead of GH¢60,000, of which GH¢18,000 is depreciation expense. The firm pays all manufacturing labour and factory overhead when incurred.

Total budgeted marketing, distribution, customer service, and administrative costs for the 2019 annual budget are GH¢3,000,000. Of this amount, GH¢2,000,000 is considered fixed and includes depreciation expense of GH¢400,000. All marketing and administrative costs are paid in the month incurred.

Management desires to maintain an end-of-month minimum cash balance of GH¢100,000. The firm has an agreement with a local bank to borrow its short-term needs in multiples of GH¢10,000 up to GH¢1,000,000 at an annual interest rate of 26%. Borrowings are assumed to occur at the end of the month. Bank borrowing at October 1 was GH¢0.

Required:

Prepare the cash budget for October 2019 for Emefa Ltd. (10 marks)

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MA – Nov 2021 – L2 – Q3b – Cash Budgets and Master Budgets

Extract the cash budget for the second quarter showing the cash balance for each month.

b) The budgeted Income Statement for Zeedan Company for the year 2020 is presented below.

Description GH¢
Sales revenue 930,000
Cost of sales 558,000
Gross profit 372,000
Total expenses 225,000
Net profit 147,000

Notes:
i) Monthly sales in each quarter are the same. The sales for January are GH¢50,000 and this will remain unchanged up to March when it will increase by GH¢20,000 from April and remain unchanged for the remaining two months in the quarter. Third quarter monthly sales will be GH¢90,000 each while those of the fourth quarter are GH¢100,000 each.
ii) 20% of all sales are on a cash basis, 40% of the monthly sales are paid in the month after sales, and the balance is paid the second month after sales. No bad debt is expected.
iii) The monthly cost of sales represents 60% of the current month’s sales. Inventory is kept at 60% of the following month’s cost of sales. All purchases are paid in full after one month.
iv) Included in the expenses is a depreciation of GH¢87,000. The monthly expenses paid as and when incurred are GH¢10,000. This is fixed in January but increased by 20% effective April.

Required:
Extract the Cash Budget for the second quarter of the year, showing the cash balance for each month in the quarter.

(10 marks)

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MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q2b – Budgetary control, Cash budgets and master budgets

Prepare the production and labour budgets for a manufacturing company for the first quarter of 2016.

Diminutive Limited is a manufacturing company situated at the Jubilee field that produces chemicals for oil production. The company is preparing its budget for the coming year. It expects to be able to sell 10,000 tonnes of its only product, the “Sparkle Oil,” in January 2016. Sales are then expected to rise to 11,000 tonnes in February and 14,000 tonnes in March and then remain stable for the rest of the year.

Diminutive Limited aims to carry a finished goods inventory at the end of each month equal to 10% of the following month’s sales. Each “Sparkle Oil” takes 2 hours of labour to make. Diminutive Limited’s 132 production workers are employed on contracts that require them to work a minimum of 160 hours per month and are each paid GH¢1,280 per month. Production workers are highly skilled and require a minimum of one year’s training. In the short term, it is not possible to recruit any more production workers. Any labour hours required in excess of 160 hours per worker are made up by overtime that is paid at the basic rate plus an overtime premium of 48% of the basic rate.

Required:

i) Prepare the production budget on a monthly basis for the first quarter of 2016. (3 marks)

ii) Prepare the labour budget for the first quarter of 2016 showing both hours and labour cost (assume that all production workers work at least 160 hours per month). (6 marks)

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MA – May 2016 – L2 – Q1a – Budgetary Control, Cash Budgets and Master Budgets

Discuss differences and benefits of budgeting models and the advantages of cash budget as a control tool.

Your newly appointed Managing Director is preparing to deliver a paper on the need to keep budgets clean and use it as a model of change in the organization. As the Management Accountant of your organization, briefly explain to him:

i) FOUR differences between Zero-Based and Activity-Based Budgeting. (4 marks)

ii) FOUR benefits of Activity-Based Budgeting. (4 marks)

iii) FOUR advantages of using a cash budget as a management control tool. (4 marks)

 

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