Subject: INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

Search 500 + past questions and counting.
  • Filter by Professional Bodies

  • Filter by Subject

  • Filter by Series

  • Filter by Topics

  • Filter by Levels

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5b – Budgeting Models and Systems

Explain the benefits of GIFMIS to the government of Ghana.

Efforts to improve Public Financial Management (PFM) Systems in Ghana led to the Ghana Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS), which is an adaptation of the Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS). The rationale of GIFMIS is to establish an integrated ICT-based PFM system in Ghana at national, regional, and district levels.

Required:

State FOUR benefits of GIFMIS to the government of Ghana.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5b – Budgeting Models and Systems"

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5a – Cost Segregation and Estimation

Determine fixed and variable cost components using regression analysis and estimate total cost for a given production level.

Ebo LTD is planning to determine its variable and fixed cost elements for its planned activity level for the next year. The company has recorded the following costs and production units in the past six months:

Month Units (X) Cost (Y)
January 5.8 40.3
February 7.7 47.1
March 8.2 48.7
April 6.1 40.6
May 6.5 44.5
June 7.5 47.1

Required:

i) Construct the least square regression model. 
ii) Determine the variable cost per unit of output using the model. 
iii) Determine the fixed cost for the month using the model. 
iv) Estimate the total cost if the company plans to produce 6,200 units.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5a – Cost Segregation and Estimation"

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q4b – Day-Rate Incentive Scheme Calculation

Calculates the cost per unit for both low and high day-rate incentive schemes.

Amanda LTD – Day-Rate Incentive Scheme
Amanda LTD is a manufacturing company and its management is considering the introduction of a high day-rate incentive scheme. During one of such production periods, record shows that, if an employee makes 100 units in a 40-hour week, the employee is paid GH¢2 per hour, but if 120 units are made, the employee is paid GH¢2.50 per hour. Production overhead is added to cost at the rate of GH¢2 per direct labour hour.

Required:
i) What is the cost per unit for the low day-rate scheme?
ii) What is the cost per unit for the high day-rate scheme?

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q4b – Day-Rate Incentive Scheme Calculation"

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q4a – Apportionment of Overheads

Apportion overhead costs across departments based on the most appropriate bases.

: Apportionment of Overheads
The following expenses were estimated for the month of June 2024:

Item GH¢
Electricity 80,000
Rent 18,000
Property rate 6,000
Insurance premium (office equipment) 15,000
Internet and communication 25,000
Indirect wages 60,000

There are three departments: A, B, and C. The following additional information has been provided:

Department Area occupied (sq. metres) Number of customers Number of employees Value of office equipment (GH¢)
A 300 700 120 50,000
B 450 600 150 40,000
C 250 500 130 60,000

Required:
Apportion the above overheads using the most appropriate base and determine the total overhead for each department.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q4a – Apportionment of Overheads"

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3d – Fixed Overhead Volume Variance

Explains the concept of fixed overhead volume variance and lists potential causes for such variances.

Fixed Overhead Volume Variance
Fixed overhead volume variance (FOVV) measures the difference between the actual fixed overheads incurred and the fixed overheads that should have been incurred at the actual level of activity.

Required:
Explain fixed overhead volume variance and TWO possible causes of such variances.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3d – Fixed Overhead Volume Variance"

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3c – Material and Labour Variances

Calculates material and labour variances based on given actual and standard cost data.

Material and Labour Variances
The data below relates to Agbamame Enterprise for its flagship product, “Herb of Life”:

Standard Cost Card – Per Unit of Herb of Life

Description Cost (GH¢)
Direct materials 5 kg at GH¢4 per kg = GH¢20
Direct labour 4 hours at GH¢15 per DLH = GH¢60
Variable overhead 4 hours at GH¢20 per DLH = GH¢80
Fixed overhead GH¢50 per unit

Budgeted production: 600 units
Actual sales and production: 550 units

Actual cost of:

Actual Costs Cost (GH¢)
Labour (1650 hours) 16,500
Materials (1650 kg) 5,775
Fixed overhead 15,000
Variable overhead 13,275

Data shows that 5% of labour hours paid for was idle, and 10% of materials bought was in stock at the end of the period.

Required:
i) Calculate the material variances.
ii) Calculate the labour variances.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3c – Material and Labour Variances"

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3b – Relevant Cost Concepts

Explains two key concepts of relevant cost used in decision-making.

Relevant Cost
Relevant cost should be used for assessing the economic and financial consequences of any decision made by management. Only relevant cost and benefits should be taken into consideration when evaluating the financial consequences of a decision.

Required:
Explain TWO key concepts of relevant cost.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3b – Relevant Cost Concepts"

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3a – Value for Money (VFM)

Explains the components of Value for Money (VFM) in the public sector.

Value for Money (VFM)
Value for Money (VFM) is an objective that can be applied to any organization whose main objective is non-financial but has restrictions on the amount of finance available for spending, which the public sector is no exception.

Required:
Explain the components of VFM.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3a – Value for Money (VFM)"

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q2c – Government Budgeting Challenges

Identifies and explains the challenges or limitations in government budgeting.

Challenges in Government Budgeting
Budgeting in the public sector relates to a process of translating government plans and policies into financial terms by systemically relating cost to attaining the objectives of government plans and policies. As important as this process is, there are some challenges and limitations associated with government budgeting.

Required:
State FOUR challenges (limitations) of government budgeting.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q2c – Government Budgeting Challenges"

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q2b – Working Capital

Calculates total amount held in working capital excluding cash and equivalents.

Working Capital Calculation
A company has annual sales revenues of GH¢45 million and the following working capital periods:

Working Capital Item Period (months)
Inventory conversion period 2.5
Accounts receivable collection period 2.0
Accounts payable payment period 1.5

Production costs are 70% of sales revenue.

Required:
Calculate the total amount held in working capital excluding cash and cash equivalents.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q2b – Working Capital"

IMAC – NOV 2023 – L2 – Q2 – Budgeting

Discuss the contents of a budget manual, explain incremental and zero-based budgeting, and prepare budgeted profit and loss statement and financial position for Chico Ltd.

a) As organisations become larger and more complex, it is no longer possible for just one person to prepare a budget. Instead, budgeting across the organisation must be carefully coordinated among various actors. As a result, there is the need for a budget manual irrespective of the type of or approach to budgeting.

Required:
i) State FIVE (5) contents of a budget manual. (5 marks)
ii) Write short notes on the following:

  • Incremental budget. (2.5 marks)
  • Zero-Based Budget. (2.5 marks)

b) Chico Ltd, a newly established manufacturing company with branches across Africa is preparing its first annual budget. The following information is relevant:

Sales forecast for each month:

Month Sales Forecast (GH₵)
January to June 20,000
July to December (and thereafter) 22,000
  • Gross profit margin: 20%
  • Credit given to customers: 2 months
  • Credit taken from suppliers: 2 months
  • Closing inventory: 3 months of demand
  • Monthly operating expenses: GH₵1,222

At the start of the budget period, a non-current asset with a cost of GH₵120,000 and a useful life of 6 years was purchased and transferred to one of its branches. In addition, a cash amount of GH₵80,000 was provided for the operations of Chico Ltd.

Required:
Prepare the budgeted statement of profit or loss and budgeted statement of financial position for Chico Ltd. (10 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – NOV 2023 – L2 – Q2 – Budgeting"

IMAC – NOV 2023 – L1 – Q1 – Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing

Prepare profit statements for January and February 2023 using marginal costing and absorption costing methods.

Alokome Plc is a company that produces and sells one product “Iga”. Information relating to the operations of Alokome Plc for the first two months of 2023 is as follows:

i) Iga sells for GH₵500 per unit.
ii) There were no inventories of Iga at the end of December 2022.
iii) Other relevant information is as follows:

Cost Element GH₵
Direct material and wages 220
Variable production overhead 30

Budgeted and actual costs per month:

Cost Element GH₵
Fixed production overhead 990,000
Fixed selling and administrative expenses 400,000
Variable selling expenses 12.5% of sales

Normal capacity: 110,000 units per month

Number of units produced and sold:

Month Sales (units) Production (units)
January 128,000 140,000
February 110,000 102,000

Required:
Using the information above, prepare in a columnar form profit statements for January and February 2023 using:
a) Marginal costing (10 marks)
b) Absorption costing (10 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – NOV 2023 – L1 – Q1 – Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing"

IMAC – JULY 2023 – L1 – Q5 – Budgeting | Forecasting

Prepare seasonally adjusted sales forecast and production overheads budget, and explain key components of time series analysis.

Question:
a) Balan Ltd is engaged in manufacturing and selling a single product and is in the process of preparing its budget for 2024. The following information is available:

Sales:
Balan Ltd has developed the linear relationship Y = 20,000 + 4,000X, where X represents the time period (X = 1 for the 1st quarter of 2024) and Y represents the sales trend in units.

The following seasonal variations are required to be adjusted to the sales trend in order to arrive at the sales forecast:

Quarter Jan-Mar Apr-Jun Jul-Sep Oct-Dec
Index value 110 90 80 120

A unit of product can be sold at GH¢1,000 during the first three quarters, and this price will be increased by 10% in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Production Overheads:
Based on the past 6 quarters’ results, the following statistical data has been gathered:
n = 6 (where ‘n’ is the number of quarters considered)
∑X = 306 (where ‘X’ is the production quantity in thousands of units)
∑Y = 146,400 (where ‘Y’ is the total production overheads in GH¢ thousands)
∑XY = 7,578,400
∑X² = 15,886

Balan Ltd estimates a linear relationship between output (X) and production overheads (Y), and the total production overheads can be expressed as Y = a + bX.

Balan Ltd does not maintain finished goods inventories. You are one of the Management Accounting executives of Balan Ltd and have been requested to assist in compiling budget figures.

Required:
i) Prepare the seasonally adjusted quarterly sales forecast in unit and in value for the calendar year 2024. (4 marks)
ii) Prepare the quarterly production overheads budget for the calendar year 2024. (5 marks)

b) Explain the following terms:
i) Trend-Cycle (C) (2 marks)
ii) Seasonal Components (S) (2 marks)
iii) Irregular Components (I) (2 marks)

c) The purpose of Management Accounting is to provide information for planning, control, and decision making. Information for control of the performance is an important management task.

Required:
Outline THREE (3) activities involved in providing information for control purposes. (5 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – JULY 2023 – L1 – Q5 – Budgeting | Forecasting"

IMAC – JULY 2024 – L1 – Q4 – Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis

Calculate overhead absorption rates, explain under and over absorbed overheads, and discuss the effect of over absorbed overhead on profit and CVP analysis assumptions.

a) The statement below shows the summary of overheads that have been apportioned to the four departments operating in MMS Ltd with additional information.

Department 1 2 3 4
Total overheads (GH¢) 45,000 35,000 20,000 40,000
Labour hours 1,200 1,000 800 1,500
Units produced 8,000 6,000 4,000 7,000
Machine hours 2,500 3,000 1,800 4,000
Prime cost per unit (GH¢) 42 25 30 34

Required:
i) Calculate THREE (3) plant-wide (blanket) overhead absorption rates. (6 marks)
ii) Calculate TWO (2) overhead absorption rates for department 1. (3 marks)

b) Explain under and over absorbed overheads. (3 marks)

c) State the effect of over absorbed overhead on reported profit. (3 marks)

d) State FOUR (4) assumptions underlying cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis. (5 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – JULY 2024 – L1 – Q4 – Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis"

IMAC – JULY 2023 – L1 – Q3 – Standard Costing and Variance Analysis

Discuss differences between private and public sector entities and calculate standard costing variances for materials, labour, and overheads.

a) Public Sector in Ghana includes the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies
(MMDA’s) and the Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDA’s). The private sector
dominates in terms of numbers and are significantly different in operations from the public
sector.
Required:
In reference to the above statement, explain FOUR (4) key differences between a private
sector entity and a public sector entity. (10 marks)
b) Konka Ltd produces a product – “the telescope”.
Actual results for the period were:
Production: 430 units made
Materials: 1,075 kg were used.
1,200 kg of materials were purchased at a cost of GH¢17,700
Direct labour: 1,700 hours were worked at a cost of GH¢14,637
Variable production overheads expenditure: GH¢3,870.

The standard cost card for the product is as follows:
GH¢
Direct material 2 kg x GH¢15 30
Direct labour 4hrs x GH¢8.50 34
Variable overhead 4hrs x GH¢2.00 8
The cost card is based on production and sales of 450 units in each period.
The company values its inventories at standard cost.
Required:
Calculate the following variances for Konka Ltd:
i) Material price variance
ii) Material usage variance
iii) Labour rate variance
iv) Labour efficiency variance
v) Variable overhead expenditure variance
(10 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – JULY 2023 – L1 – Q3 – Standard Costing and Variance Analysis"

IMAC – JULY 2023 – L1 – Q2 – Budgeting | Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing

Explain types of budgeting and prepare a flexible budget for cost control, including variance analysis.

a) Explain the following:
i) Incremental Budgeting (2 marks)
ii) Zero-Based Budgeting (2 marks)
iii) Activity-Based Budgeting (2 marks)

b) Cox Ltd is a manufacturing company that produces a body shaping drink for the African market. The company employs a marginal costing system as an integral part of its reporting systems. During the reporting period, there was no opening or closing inventory. The company produces its budgeted and actual results for December 31, 2022, as follows:

Budget Actual
Production/sales (units) 2,000 1,400
Sales (GH¢) 60,000 42,400
Variable Costs:
Direct material (GH¢) (20,000) (13,200)
Direct labour (GH¢) (10,000) (7,600)
Variable overhead (GH¢) (6,000) (4,400)
Contribution (GH¢) 24,000 17,200
Fixed cost (GH¢) (20,000) (20,800)
Net profit/loss (GH¢) 4,000 (3,600)

Required:
Prepare a budget that will be useful for management cost control purposes and briefly comment on the company’s performance in December 2022. (14 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – JULY 2023 – L1 – Q2 – Budgeting | Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing"

IMAC – MAR 2023 – L1 – Q5 – Budgeting | Cost Segregation and Estimation

Explain cost estimation in budgeting, prepare sales and production budgets, and calculate variable and fixed overheads using the high-low method.

a) Cost estimation techniques play an important role in budget preparation.

Required:
Explain the statement above. (3 marks)

b) Obsaw Ltd is in the process of preparing budgets for the year 2021. Based on past experience, the following trend equation has been developed in the year 2019 for the estimation of quarterly sales:

S = 21,900 + 900Q
Where, S = quarterly sales in units
Q = time period (Quarter I of year 2019 is time period 1)

The following set of seasonal variation index values has been derived using a multiplicative model, based on year 2019 actual sales:

Quarter of the calendar year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Seasonality -30% -10% +30% +10%

The management expects that the above trend and seasonal effect will continue until year 2023.
The company’s policy is to maintain a finished goods inventory of 20% of the demand for the following month. Monthly sales in each quarter are evenly distributed.

Required:
i) Prepare the quarterly sales budget (in units) for the calendar year 2021. (4 marks)
ii) Prepare the quarterly production budget (in units) for the calendar year 2021. (3 marks)

c) Obsaw Ltd recorded the highest and the lowest production overheads (POHs) during the year 2020 as follows:

Production (units) POHs (GH¢ million)
Highest 37,000
Lowest 18,000

POHs are expected to increase by 10% per year and fixed production overheads are absorbed to products based on the budgeted production.

Required:
i) Using the high-low method, prepare the quarterly variable production overheads budget for the year 2021. (Use the production budget in b) ii) above.) (3 marks)
ii) Calculate the fixed production overheads absorption rate per unit for the year 2021. (2 marks)

d) Explain how standard costs for material and labour might be compiled. (5 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – MAR 2023 – L1 – Q5 – Budgeting | Cost Segregation and Estimation"

IMAC – July 2023 – L1 – Q1 – Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis | Process Costing

Prepare the Process Account for Omicron vaccine production and calculate the break-even point and required units to achieve target profit before and after tax

a) Adom Ltd manufactures Omicron vaccine for the treatment of COVID-19 in Africa. The manufacturing process uses two raw materials (M & W) which are mixed in the proportions (2:3). Materials are priced: M = GH¢10 per kg and W = GH¢3.2 per kg. Normal weight loss of 5% of material input is expected during the process, and material losses recorded in the manufacturing process have no saleable value. At the end of production, 18,260 kg of Omicron vaccine were manufactured from 19,320 kg of raw materials. Conversion costs in the period were GH¢57,316. There was no work in process at the beginning or end of the period.

Required:
Prepare the Process Account of the Omicron vaccine for the period. (10 marks)

b) Manna Industries sold 150,000 units of its product at GH¢20 per unit. Variable costs are GH¢15 per unit (manufacturing cost of GH¢12 and selling expenses of GH¢3). Fixed costs are incurred uniformly throughout the year and amount to GH¢972,000, that is, manufacturing costs of GH¢600,000 and selling expenses of GH¢372,000.

Required:
i) Calculate the break-even point in units and Ghana cedis. (4 marks)
ii) Calculate the number of units that must be sold to earn an income of GH¢75,000 before income tax. (2 marks)
iii) Calculate the number of units that must be sold to earn an after-tax profit of GH¢100,000 if the income tax rate is 40%. (4 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – July 2023 – L1 – Q1 – Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis | Process Costing"

IMAC – MAR 2023 – L1 – Q4 – Accounting for Inventory and Labour | Standard Costing and Variance Analysis

Discuss tasks suitable for piece rate and hourly rate payment systems and compute labor variances and standard costing variances.

a) Employees may be paid either using piece rate or hourly rate.

Required:
In reference to the statement above, state THREE (3) tasks/jobs that:
i) Piece rate may be used. (3 marks)
ii) Hourly rate may be used. (3 marks)

b) Krenkren enterprise uses the hourly rate to pay her employees. The current rate is GH¢6 per hour. However, employees are paid 1.5 times for each overtime hour worked. Each employee is to work a minimum of 40 hours a week without a guaranteed payment. Any extra hour will attract overtime rate.

Extract from the time sheet for a week has been provided below:

Name Staff Number Hours worked
Kwame Sarfo H 1356 56
John Addae H 3456 38
Thomas Appia F 2254 48
Rose Danso F 8645 50

Required:
Calculate the basic pay for each of the staff. (9 marks)

c) The following standard costs apply to the manufacture of a product by Pontir Ltd:

  • Standard weight to produce one unit: 12 kgs
  • Standard price per kg: GH¢9
  • Standard hours to produce one unit: 10
  • Standard rate per hour: GH¢4

Actual production and costs for one accounting period were:

Cost Element Actual Usage Actual Cost (GH¢)
Material 3,770 kgs 35,815
Labour 2,755 hours 11,571

The actual output was 290 units.

Required:
Calculate relevant material and labor cost variances and present these in a format suitable for presentation to the management of Pontir Ltd. (5 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – MAR 2023 – L1 – Q4 – Accounting for Inventory and Labour | Standard Costing and Variance Analysis"

IMAC – MAR 2023 – L1 – Q3 – Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing | Scope of Management Accounting

Explain qualities of management accounting information, and differences between marginal and absorption costing.

a) Management accounting systems obtain information from both internal and external sources. Cost accounting system is one major source of management accounting information, and such information is only useful to managers if it possesses certain qualities.

Required:
In reference to the statement above, explain FIVE (5) qualities of management accounting information.
(10 marks)

b) Explain the following briefly:
i) Cost center (2.5 marks)
ii) Profit center (2.5 marks)

c) Explain TWO (2) differences between a marginal costing system and an absorption costing system.
(5 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – MAR 2023 – L1 – Q3 – Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing | Scope of Management Accounting"

NBC Institute

Hello! How can I help you today?
Oops!

This feature is only available in selected plans.

Click on the login button below to login if you’re already subscribed to a plan or click on the upgrade button below to upgrade your current plan.

If you’re not subscribed to a plan, click on the button below to choose a plan