Subject: CORPORATE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND ETHICS (CSME)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q7 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

This question discusses the application of risk management frameworks in an IT start-up, focusing on Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), ISO31000, and the ALARP strategy.

An Information Technology start-up located in Lagos is planning to establish a robust risk management system that covers all its activities. You have been engaged as a consultant to advise it on how an effective risk management framework can be incorporated into the company’s processes to ensure that all risks that could impair the achievement of organisational goals are effectively managed.

Required:
a. Suggest to your client a risk management framework that the management can adopt using the following:
i. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) (6 Marks)
ii. ISO31000 frameworks (3 Marks)

b. Draft an enterprise risk management strategy for the firm, using ALARP. (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

This question identifies types of risk in a volatile business environment, using the Turnbull Report.

Today’s business environment is often described by many experts as Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous (VUCA). Some of the driving forces of the VUCA environment include COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Europe, global warming, and a rapidly changing technological environment.

The impact of the VUCA environment on the global economy includes inflation, dwindling consumers’ purchasing power, rising energy costs, among others, leading to an increase in a sense of turbulence, danger, and unpredictability. With the volatility in the business environment also comes frequent changes in laws and regulations affecting businesses, a factor that adds instability to an already unstable business environment.

You have been asked by a start-up company in the consumer goods retailing business to provide advice on risk management as it concerns the global economy. The company is planning to launch an online retail store with a focus on the global consumer goods market.

Required:
Using the Turnbull Report and drawing from the given scenario, identify and explain to your client the types of risk that are inherent in the VUCA business environment. (15 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Ethics in Business

This question covers the definition and importance of social thinking, key social thinking concepts, and intervention methods to improve social skills.

Prepare a presentation on social skills, detailing the following:

a. Definition and importance of social thinking (3 Marks)
b. Key concepts in social thinking (8 Marks)
c. Social thinking interventions (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q4 – Ethics in Business

Discuss the relationship models between accountants and clients, recommending the most suitable and least suitable models.

There are different models of relationship between a professional accountant and his/her clients. In the context of the above:

a. Explain the different models of relationship between a professional accountant and his/her clients. (16 Marks)

b. Which of the models in (a) above would you recommend, and which do you consider to be the least recommended? (Provide justification for your choices) (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Clarify key concepts in risk management for an investor considering a new business venture.

Professor Akinlabi has been teaching physics at a frontline public university in Nigeria for 30 years. He made quite some money from research grants and has over the years saved about 75 million naira, which he has been keeping in a fixed deposit facility. He complained to his friend, Dr. Albert, who is a professional accountant and expert in risk management, about the low interest rate on fixed deposits and how the high inflation rate in the country is fast eroding the real value of his savings. He is thinking of investing his savings in a poultry farm, but he is quite averse to risks.

Having tried to get some information on the diverse dimensions and dynamics of risks involved in business, he asked Dr. Albert to offer some clarifications. As Dr. Albert, you are required to offer clarifications on the following:

a. Exposure to risk and the nature of qualitative risks. (5 Marks)

b. Residual risk. (3 Marks)

c. The dynamic nature of risk assessment. (7 Marks)

d. Risk-based approach to business. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q2 – Sustainability and Strategic Management

Develop a sustainable development blueprint using specific environmental and social reporting frameworks.

You have been appointed as a consultant to a company manufacturing microchips in Nigeria. The company’s management and board of directors want to implement a sustainable development agenda. You have been asked to develop a blueprint of financial and environmental reporting that captures the influence of the company’s activities on the physical and social environment.

Required:

a. Define the term ‘Sustainable Development’. (1 Mark)

b. Suggest frameworks for environmental and social reporting using the following:

  • i. Triple Bottom Line (4 Marks)
  • ii. Balanced Scorecard (BSC) (4 Marks)
  • iii. Sustainability Assessment Model (SAM) (4 Marks)

c. What are the steps involved in implementing the SAM approach to measure a product’s performance over its entire life-cycle? (7 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q1 – Business-Level Strategies

Analyze DITA’s strategy consistency with Porter’s six principles of strategic positioning and classify its strategic position.

Adeoye Oladejo was an exceptionally brilliant student. He graduated from the Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism in the Second-Class Upper Division. He was fortunate to undertake his youth service in Lagos with Dovic International Travel Agency (DITA), which apart from sales of tickets and hotel reservations, is reputed for organizing tours for individuals and groups to different parts of the world. By dint of hard work and impressive results in attracting clients to the travel agency, Adeoye was made a sales manager immediately after completing his service year. He held this position for two years, after which he was made a senior operations manager, a position he held before becoming the CEO.

The motto of the company is “service optimized,” and the company is very clear about its primary strategic goal, which is to optimize profit in the short, medium, and long terms. Hence, Adeoye, as the company CEO, undertook a specialized MBA course in International Business Management. He also wrote a book titled Optimizing Profit in International Tourism. In addition, he employed a business manager and an operations manager with very strong backgrounds in financial planning and strategic thinking, apart from the vast experience they acquired in the field of international tourism.

To ensure that DITA remains highly competitive in the global tourism arena, the company has different tourism packages for its clients from all parts of the world. These include cheap airfares, highly-rated hotels at unbelievably low prices, amazing tourist attractions, and the inclusion of rated artists (musicians, comedians, etc.) for the pleasure of their clients. What is quite significant is the fact that DITA has been able to establish excellent working relationships with airlines, hotels, and various service providers in the tourism industry, enabling it to provide world-class services at unbelievably cheap rates that its competitors find difficult to match.

Of course, the services that DITA offers are similar to those of its competitors in the tourism industry, but DITA has been able to introduce special flavors into its packages that render them more attractive than those of its competitors. These include free massages, horse riding, scuba diving, exquisite dinners, welcome parties, limousine airport shuttles, and much more.

However, DITA’s business strategies have trade-offs, which in the short, medium, and long terms offer it some competitive advantage. For instance, it does not offer services to large groups of people exceeding 50 at a time. Thus, it does not offer pilgrimage services. Nonetheless, DITA has become very popular among rated organizations, family groups, groups of friends, and other relatively small teams interested in organized tours to special places worldwide. Another trade-off of DITA’s strategies is that it does not sell travel tickets to individuals, only to groups.

Over two years, the CEO of DITA, in conjunction with the business and operations managers, has successfully established a synergy of all the elements of their business, making them intricately and seamlessly linked together, resulting in great success and a high return on investment for DITA.

To ensure continuity of its strategic direction, DITA organizes periodic training retreats for its staff and sends them on specialized training to enhance their productivity and commitment to the vision, strategic goals, and core values of the company. By doing so, it is systematically creating an impressive organizational culture that is key to its success. Overall, DITA has become a huge success story and a remarkable leader in the international tourism industry.

Required:

a. Discuss how the operations of DITA are consistent with Porter’s six principles of strategic positioning and how individual firms can achieve sustainable competitive advantage. (24 Marks)

b. A business entity can be classified as any one of the FOUR types in terms of strategic position.

i. Identify and briefly explain each of these types. (3 Marks)

ii. To which of these does DITA belong? (3 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q7 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Assessing risk in importing machinery and comparing finance vs. operating lease strategies for construction equipment.

EXPEE CONSTRUCTION PLC.

Expee Construction Plc. has been awarded a contract to construct a 50-kilometer feeder road from Abekoko to Idi Magoro by Adatan State. Unfortunately, the company’s earth-moving machine (bulldozer) suffered a major mechanical fault, making it impossible to mobilize to the site for execution of the contract.

Similar machines are not available for sale in the open market. Management is therefore considering the option of either importing a new machine from Japan or leasing one from Odogunyan Machines Limited located in Eko-Akete. The lease may be a finance or operating lease; either option would release the machine to the lessee for immediate use. Management’s decision on this choice is dependent on its willingness to either retain or transfer the risks involved in the usage of the machine.

Required:

a. Evaluate the risk exposure of the company in adopting the import option.
(5 Marks)

b. Identify and formulate strategies that might be used by the company in managing:

i. The finance lease option
(5 Marks)

ii. The operating lease option
(5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q6 – Corporate Governance

Evaluating stakeholder impact and ethical principles in response to financial reporting manipulation.

Gloria Okeke is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Magi and Magi Pharmaceuticals, which produces drugs for the Lagoona region of the country. Gloria is convinced that the company is doing quite well and the management is following due process in terms of structure and governance. She believes that this is the reason for the company’s steady growth in terms of revenue, profit, and earnings.

In 2013, Magi and Magi Pharmaceuticals made a profit of 70% over and above the 2012 results. Mr. Joeb, the Chief Accountant, is quite impressed and is of the opinion that the company should make full disclosure of its profits in the Financial Statements, thinking this would engender greater confidence and attract additional investment in the company.

However, Gloria, claiming to be the boss, instructed Joeb to increase her compensation and inflate the cost of production of pharmaceutical drugs to reduce the disclosed profit of the company.

Joeb outrightly disagreed with Gloria’s instruction, giving her a long talk about his duty to comply with his Institute’s professional rules of conduct. However, Gloria cut short the meeting, saying that she did not wish to entertain any further discussion about her decision. She advised Joeb, in his own interest, to implement her instructions.

Required:

a. As a chartered accountant, specify any THREE categories of stakeholders that Joeb should consider in taking any professional decision or action with regard to the instruction stated above and give reasons for your choice.
(7½ Marks)

b. Discuss the basic principles of ethics that Joeb, as a chartered accountant, should comply with in the course of carrying out his professional responsibilities.
(7½ Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q5 – Innovation and Strategic Renewal

Developing strategies for recruiting and retaining innovative staff to sustain competitive advantage.

Hi-Tech Industries Limited is a leading manufacturer of computers and mobile phones in the country. The company is considering the implementation of low-cost, differentiation, and innovation strategies aimed at sustaining and improving its competitive position. Hi-Tech plans to make its flagship product, Zeta Phone, the mobile phone of choice, offering innovative and cutting-edge technology to its consumers.

For the company to transform into an innovative organization as the business strategy requires, it must employ staff workgroups with highly skilled, innovative, and energetic people who can bring life to new ideas quickly and inject the same into the organization.

A skills audit recently conducted by the company showed that the company does not have enough staff that possess those qualities. To address this deficit, the management decided to train existing staff, employ, and retain the best candidates that the labor market can offer.

Required:

Formulate strategies that Hi-Tech Industries may adopt in its policy for employment and retention of human resources.

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q4 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Analyzes strengths and weaknesses of Toyin Trust Insurance Plc pre- and post-2000 ownership changes, and suggests strategies for sustaining the company.

Toyin Trust Insurance Company is one of the duly registered insurance companies in Nigeria. Ten years after it started operations in 1990, the company had become a household name in the market. Its strengths included timely payment of claims and introduction of quality products that captured changing customers’ needs.

At inception, the company was 100% foreign-owned, with five of the seven directors being experienced expatriate insurance practitioners. However, by 2000, over 90% of the equity had been transferred to Nigerian investors. In 2009, following reorganization, many experienced senior managers resigned, and inexperienced staff took over key positions, leading to a decline in service quality and a 40% drop in premium collection.

Required:

a. Analyze the strengths of Toyin Trust Insurance Plc before 2000. (5 Marks)
b. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of Toyin Trust Insurance Plc after 2000. (5 Marks)
c. Suggest essential strategies to sustain Toyin Trust Insurance Plc. (10 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q3 – Ethics in Business

Describes the nature of business and professional ethics, Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and criticisms of the theory.

Kalu, a competent consultant and accountant, works in Bosun and Company Limited. The company realized that almost all of its newly employed entry-level staff are deficient in business and professional ethics. Consequently, the Human Resources Manager recommended to the CEO that a training program on business and professional ethics should be organized. Kalu is nominated as a resource person to speak at the training program.

Required:
a. How should Kalu explain the nature and importance of business ethics and professional ethics? (6 Marks)
b. Advise Kalu on how he should analyze Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in an attempt to explain to the trainee participants how people generally develop a sense of morality both in personal and professional life. (10 Marks)
c. Discuss any TWO of the criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory. (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q2 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Develops a risk management program for theft, diversion, and safety issues; includes risk reduction and financing techniques.

Dolly Homes Plc is a real estate firm based in Abuja. The firm builds residential apartments and office blocks in five states of the federation. The objective of Dolly Homes Plc is to deliver high-quality, aesthetically designed, and professionally built homes/offices to its customers at competitive prices. It employs several skilled and casual workers, construction supervisors, construction engineers, architects, and quantity surveyors.

The company maintains a store at each of its building sites, each manned by a storekeeper and an assistant. Building materials are purchased centrally and delivered to sites per material schedules prepared by the quantity surveyor.

Patronage from middle and high-income brackets has been impressive; however, recently, the company has been receiving complaints about poor quality. The most alarming complaint involved a legal threat for injuries sustained when a kitchen cabinet collapsed in a client’s home.

Management’s investigation revealed theft of materials, diversion, and re-work waste due to poor finishing. There were also job site accidents, leading to employee injuries, lost hours, and increased medical claims.

Management decided to establish a risk management program to address theft, diversion, and health/safety issues.

Required:
a. As an Accountant, develop a risk management program to address Dolly Homes Plc’s problems. (8 Marks)
b. Advise management on techniques to reduce the frequency of risk exposures in the future. (6 Marks)
c. Suggest risk financing techniques to protect the company’s staff from injuries and accidents. (6 Marks)

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  • 5 Marks

CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1c – Corporate Governance

Discusses the difference between rules-based and principles-based professional ethics in accountancy.

What is the main difference between a rules-based and a principles-based code of professional ethics for accountants?

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1b – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Discusses various methods for managing and controlling risks in an organization, illustrating different risk management techniques.

There are different methods of managing and controlling risks. Explain and illustrate any THREE of the following approaches to risk management:
i. Risk Diversification
ii. Risk Transfer
iii. Risk Sharing
iv. Risk Hedging (15 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1a – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Explains credit risk management concepts, including exposure, losses, residual risk, and appetite.

The finance director of Basket Company is preparing a proposal to present to the board of directors. He believes that the company is much too cautious in its policy of giving credit to customers. At the moment all customers are given 30 days’ credit. He believes that by increasing its exposure to credit risk, and increasing credit terms to 60 days, the company will achieve an increase in annual sales of up to 20%. He also thinks that some improvements in debt collection procedures will reduce the level of bad debts, although some bad debts cannot be avoided. He thinks that the value of sales where there is a default will fall each year from 2% of sales to 1.8% of sales. He proposes that in order to increase annual sales and profits, the company should be willing to increase its risk appetite and accept the risk of higher bad debts.

Required:

  1. Using this example of managing credit risk, explain and illustrate the meaning of:
    i. Exposure to risk
    ii. Risk of losses
    iii. Residual risk
    iv. Risk appetite

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – May 2024 – L2 – SC – Q7 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Discuss the inherent risks that affect the profitability of an insurance company operating internationally.

At an in-house seminar for the top management staff of your organization, you have been appointed to present a report on the significant risks that have negatively affected the profitability of the two lines of business as presented in the Annual Report and Accounts of an insurance company with branches both within and outside Nigeria.

Required:

Present a report to the Management as a consultant, detailing the ‘risks inherent in an insurance company’.

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – May 2024 – L2 – SC – Q6 – Corporate Culture and Strategy

Discuss Edgar Schein’s view on corporate culture and outline his three levels of culture.

The cultural web within an organisation shapes its corporate ethics. Edgar Schein believed that organisations take time to develop a culture as employees go through various changes, adapt to the external environment, and solve organisational problems.

Required:

a. Present Edgar Schein’s view about corporate culture. (6 Marks)

b. Identify and explain succinctly Edgar Schein’s THREE levels of culture. (9 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – May 2024 – L2 – SC – Q5 – Strategic Communication

Examine the significance of soft skills and key competencies in today’s job market.

The Governing Council of Zeebeedee University reviewed the school’s curriculum with a view to making the acquisition of “Soft Skills” a prerequisite for graduation. This was in response to feedback from various employers of their alumni globally, highlighting graduates’ weaknesses in this area.

Required:

a. Identify EIGHT importance of soft skills in the current global job market.
(12 Marks)

b. Highlight SIX of the top “soft skills” relevant to any employment.
(3 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q4 – Ethical Issues in Corporate Governance

Assess ethical considerations in addressing a workplace theft scenario

You work at a company that produces table water and you know that a colleague, in connivance with one of the company’s drivers, steals packs of water from the store and sells them to customers. You are unsure whether to ignore the ongoing theft or report it to your boss.

Required:

a. Identify the technical term for your current situation in the scenario and briefly explain the term. (3 Marks)

b. Explain the consequential and non-consequential theories of ethics and specify how these can be applied in decision-making within the context of the presented scenario. (6 Marks)

c. What is the technical term for the decision to inform your boss about the theft, and what considerations should you take before making this decision based on the underlying theory? (11 Marks)

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