Question Tag: Relevant Costing

Search 500 + past questions and counting.
  • Filter by Professional Bodies

  • Filter by Subject

  • Filter by Series

  • Filter by Topics

  • Filter by Levels

PM – May 2017 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Cost Management Strategies

Calculate relevant cost for engine production for Tadex and factors influencing component opportunity cost.

  1. Tadex Nigeria Limited is an engineering company specializing in building engines for grinding machines. One of the components for building these engines is sourced from Toka Nigeria Limited, a company in the same group as Tadex Nigeria Limited. Each component is transferred to Tadex, taking into account Toka’s opportunity cost of the component. The variable cost for Toka is N280 per component.

    A prospective customer has approached Tadex to submit a quotation for a contract to build a new engine. This is a new customer for Tadex, but the directors of Tadex are keen on winning this contract, as they believe it may lead to more contracts in the future. As a result, they intend to price the contract using relevant costs.

    The following cost data is provided for the contract:

    (i) Production Director’s Salary: Annual salary equivalent to N15,000 per 8-hour day.

    (ii) Materials for the Contract:

    • Material A: 110 square meters needed, with 200 square meters in stock, bought at N120 per square meter. Resale value: N105 per square meter; Replacement cost: N125 per square meter.
    • Material B: 30 liters needed, must purchase a minimum of 40 liters at N90 per liter, with no future use after the contract.
    • Components from Toka: 60 units at N500 per unit.

    (iii) Direct Labor Hours: 240 hours required; 75 hours available as spare capacity. Additional hours are sourced at overtime cost of N140/hour or temporary staff at N120/hour (10 hours supervision by an existing supervisor at N180/hour).

    (iv) Machine Hours: 25 hours needed, with the machine leased weekly at N6,000 and sufficient spare capacity. Running cost: N70 per hour.

    (v) Fixed Overhead Absorption Rate: N200 per direct labor hour.

Requirements:

a. Calculate the relevant cost of building the new engine and explain why you have included or excluded any costs in your calculations.
(15 marks)

b. Discuss the factors that would be considered by Toka to determine the opportunity cost of the component.
(5 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "PM – May 2017 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Cost Management Strategies"

MI – May 2015 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Costing Methods

Analyze a make or buy decision for MOP heads production.

Tripple Company Limited manufactures “MOP Heads” for use in its various offices across the country. The Cost Accountant has the following costs per unit produced:

A nearby company, Dusters Nigeria Enterprises, has offered to sell 10,000 units of these MOP Heads to Tripple Company Limited for N135 per unit. If Tripple Company Limited accepts the offer, some of the facilities presently in use to manufacture MOP Heads could be rented out to a third party at an annual rent of N195,000. In addition, N18 per unit of the fixed overhead cost applied to the production of MOP Heads would be totally eliminated. The Cost Accountant has also established that 75% of the overhead is fixed.

You are required to:

a. Advise the Chief Executive Officer of Tripple Company Limited whether the company should accept the offer of Dusters Nigeria Enterprises or not. (15 Marks)

b. State FIVE other qualitative factors that the Chief Executive Officer of Tripple Company Limited should consider in making a decision in (a) above. (5 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MI – May 2015 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Costing Methods"

MA – Dec 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Relevant cost and revenue | Decision making techniques

This question focuses on relevant costing for a special order and the distinction between marginal and differential costs.

Semenhyia Ltd is involved in the design and manufacture of custom-built factory equipment. The company has just received an enquiry about the supply of 10 machines from one of their regular clients, Kukua Ltd.

Kukua Ltd has informed the company that the maximum price they are willing to pay is GH¢5,200 per machine. The order would need to be completed within two weeks.

The following details relate to the production of the machines:

i) Materials per machine:

  • 10 units of Material A, which is used regularly by the company. The company has 120 units of Material A in stock, which originally cost GH¢120 per unit. The replacement cost of Material A is 20% higher than the original price.
  • 5 units of Material B. The company has 40 units of Material B in stock, as it was purchased a few years ago for use in the production of other equipment, which the company no longer produces. If this material is not used in the production of this order, it would never be used again. The original purchase price for Material B was GH¢190 per unit. The replacement cost is GH¢150 per unit, and the net realizable value is GH¢130 per unit.
  • 3 units of Material C. This material is used regularly and usually costs GH¢85 per unit. However, the earliest delivery time for new stock from the regular supplier is three weeks. An alternative supplier could deliver immediately but would charge GH¢90 per unit. Semenhyia Ltd has 600 units in stock, but 580 units are required to complete other orders over the next two weeks.

ii) Labour hours per machine:

  • 12 skilled labour hours, paid GH¢20 per hour. Skilled workers are part of the permanent workforce, with 125 surplus skilled hours available per month. Skilled workers are paid time and a half for overtime.
  • 22 unskilled labour hours, paid GH¢15 per hour, employed on a casual basis.

iii) Supervision: A supervisor currently paid GH¢56,500 per annum will oversee the project, but a replacement will be hired for the duration of the contract at a cost of GH¢8,500.

iv) Machine hours: Each machine requires 18 hours of processing time on factory equipment. If the order is not accepted, the equipment would be subcontracted to Fimi Ltd for a contribution of GH¢70 per hour.

v) Depreciation: The depreciation charge for using the equipment for this order would be GH¢4,000.

vi) Overheads: Overheads are absorbed at a rate of GH¢35 per skilled labour hour.

vii) Estimate costs: The planning department has incurred costs to date of GH¢600.

Required:

a) Explain relevant cost and state TWO (2) examples of relevant cost in short-term decision-making. (3 marks)

b) Determine, using relevant costing principles, whether or not Semenhyia Ltd should undertake the contract. Your answer must include an explanation for the inclusion or exclusion of each of the above points. (13 marks)

c) Distinguish between “marginal cost” and “differential cost”. (4 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MA – Dec 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Relevant cost and revenue | Decision making techniques"

MA – July 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Relevant cost and revenue, Decision making techniques

Calculate the minimum price for a special order using relevant costing principles, and discuss the relevance of fixed costs in decision-making scenarios.

You are the Management Accountant for Darkoah Publishing Ltd which has been asked to send a quotation for the production of a programme for the local village fair. The work would be carried out in addition to the normal work of the company. Because of existing commitments, employees would be required to work during weekends to complete the printing of the programme. A trainee accountant has produced the following cost estimate based upon the resources required as specified by the production manager:

You are aware that considerable publicity could be obtained for the company if you are able to win this order, and the price quoted must be very competitive.

The following notes are relevant to the cost estimate above: i) The paper to be used is currently in stock at a value of GH¢5,000. It is of an unusual colour and has not been used for some time. The replacement price of the paper is GH¢8,000, whilst the scrap value of what is in stock is GH¢2,500. The production manager does not foresee any alternative use for the paper if it is not used for the village fair programme.

ii) The inks required are not held in stock. They would have to be purchased in bulk at a cost of GH¢3,000. However, only 80% of the ink purchased would be used in printing the programme. No other use is foreseen for the remainder.

iii) Skilled direct labour is currently at full capacity, but additional labour can be hired. To accommodate the printing of the programmes, 50% of the time required would be worked at weekends, for which a premium of 25% above the normal hourly rate is paid. The normal hourly rate is GH¢4.00 per hour.

iv) Unskilled labour is presently under-utilised, and at present 200 hours per week are recorded as idle time. If the printing work is carried out at a weekend, 25 unskilled labour hours would have to occur at this time, but the employees concerned would be given two hours’ time off (for which they would be paid) in lieu of each hour worked.

v) Variable overhead represents the cost of operating the printing press and binding machines.

vi) When not being used by the company, the printing press is hired to outside companies for GH¢6.00 per hour. This earns a contribution of GH¢3.00 per hour. There is unlimited demand for this facility.

vii) Fixed production costs are those incurred by and absorbed into production, using an hourly rate based on budgeted activity.

viii) The cost of the estimating department represents time that has already been incurred during discussions with the village fair committee concerning the printing of its programme.

Required: a) Prepare a revised cost estimate using a relevant cash flow approach, showing clearly the minimum price that the company should accept for the order. Give reasons for each resource valuation in your cost estimate. (17 marks)

b) Briefly discuss the statement “fixed costs are never relevant for decision making scenarios”.

(3 marks)

 

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MA – July 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Relevant cost and revenue, Decision making techniques"

MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q4a – Relevant cost and revenue, Decision making techniques

Advise on the selection of a camp meeting venue using relevant costing.

Straight-to-Heaven Church is planning its annual camp meeting in December 2017. The church has four branches, and the annual camp meeting is the first major program after all the head pastors attended a leadership conference on the theme “Blending faith and Science in Church Decision Making.”

The General Overseer of the church wishes to apply the scientific principles learned at the conference in deciding between two major venues for the 2017 annual camp meeting. Hitherto, the General Overseer or his wife would veto where annual camp meetings are held. The following information is relevant for the decision:

  1. Seven pastors will facilitate the camp meeting. ‘Food 4 All’ restaurant will be assigned the responsibility of providing food for the pastors. They have indicated that a meal for a pastor would cost GH¢5. This cost is expected to increase by one-half if a pastor attends the camp with his wife. All pastors will be fed three times daily, but only three pastors plan to attend the conference with their wives. Church members will take care of their own feeding, but all camp expenses of pastors will be borne by church members.
  2. Water to be served at the camp meeting: 100 bags of sachet water at GH¢2 each and 25 boxes of 750ml bottled water at GH¢13 per box.
  3. The church plans to either have the conference at Ahayede (A) or Bonebon (B) camp sites. Accommodation cost per head per day at Ahayede is GH¢2 for the first 400 participants and GH¢1.5 for any additional participant. Bonebon will not charge any fee, but the church will have to show appreciation, which will be in the neighborhood of GH¢2,000 after the camp.
  4. Ahayede Campsite will require the payment of electricity and water bills of GH¢300 and GH¢500, respectively.
  5. It is expected that 96 liters of fuel at GH¢3.12 per liter will be needed at Bonebon campsite.
  6. Transportation cost for chairs and canopies will be GH¢400 if the camp is undertaken at Ahayede and GH¢300 if the camp is sited at Bonebon. Each church member’s transportation cost will be GH¢3 if Ahayede is chosen as the venue, but this figure is expected to double if the camp is taken to Bonebon.
  7. Pastors’ appreciation: Apart from the General Pastor, who will receive GH¢500, each pastor will receive GH¢300 as appreciation support.
  8. The church plans that 700 church members and pastors will take part in the annual camp meeting if it is undertaken at Bonebon, while 500 members will attend the camp if it is held at Ahayede, even though the two camp sites can each take 1,000 people. The camp will last for 5 days.

Required:

i) Using relevant costing, advise management of the church on the site they should hold the annual camp meeting.

(8 marks)

ii) Suggest TWO qualitative factors that should be considered in deciding on the venue. (4 marks)

iii) Explain the term “sunk costs” and identify THREE examples of sunk costs. (3 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q4a – Relevant cost and revenue, Decision making techniques"

IMAC – MAY 2020 – L1 – Q3 – Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis | Decision-making techniques

Identify public sector decision areas for management accounting, suggest improvement techniques, and state CVP analysis assumptions.

) Management Accounting provides information for planning, control, and decision-making. It has been argued that Public Sector entities can even benefit more from Management Accounting than profit-making entities.

Required:
i) Identify FOUR (4) decision areas of the Public Sector where Management Accounting can be applied. (6 marks)
ii) Suggest an appropriate technique that can be used to improve decision-making in such areas. (9 marks)

b) State FIVE (5) assumptions underlying cost-volume-profit analysis in managerial accounting. (5 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – MAY 2020 – L1 – Q3 – Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis | Decision-making techniques"

PM – May 2017 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Cost Management Strategies

Calculate relevant cost for engine production for Tadex and factors influencing component opportunity cost.

  1. Tadex Nigeria Limited is an engineering company specializing in building engines for grinding machines. One of the components for building these engines is sourced from Toka Nigeria Limited, a company in the same group as Tadex Nigeria Limited. Each component is transferred to Tadex, taking into account Toka’s opportunity cost of the component. The variable cost for Toka is N280 per component.

    A prospective customer has approached Tadex to submit a quotation for a contract to build a new engine. This is a new customer for Tadex, but the directors of Tadex are keen on winning this contract, as they believe it may lead to more contracts in the future. As a result, they intend to price the contract using relevant costs.

    The following cost data is provided for the contract:

    (i) Production Director’s Salary: Annual salary equivalent to N15,000 per 8-hour day.

    (ii) Materials for the Contract:

    • Material A: 110 square meters needed, with 200 square meters in stock, bought at N120 per square meter. Resale value: N105 per square meter; Replacement cost: N125 per square meter.
    • Material B: 30 liters needed, must purchase a minimum of 40 liters at N90 per liter, with no future use after the contract.
    • Components from Toka: 60 units at N500 per unit.

    (iii) Direct Labor Hours: 240 hours required; 75 hours available as spare capacity. Additional hours are sourced at overtime cost of N140/hour or temporary staff at N120/hour (10 hours supervision by an existing supervisor at N180/hour).

    (iv) Machine Hours: 25 hours needed, with the machine leased weekly at N6,000 and sufficient spare capacity. Running cost: N70 per hour.

    (v) Fixed Overhead Absorption Rate: N200 per direct labor hour.

Requirements:

a. Calculate the relevant cost of building the new engine and explain why you have included or excluded any costs in your calculations.
(15 marks)

b. Discuss the factors that would be considered by Toka to determine the opportunity cost of the component.
(5 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "PM – May 2017 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Cost Management Strategies"

MI – May 2015 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Costing Methods

Analyze a make or buy decision for MOP heads production.

Tripple Company Limited manufactures “MOP Heads” for use in its various offices across the country. The Cost Accountant has the following costs per unit produced:

A nearby company, Dusters Nigeria Enterprises, has offered to sell 10,000 units of these MOP Heads to Tripple Company Limited for N135 per unit. If Tripple Company Limited accepts the offer, some of the facilities presently in use to manufacture MOP Heads could be rented out to a third party at an annual rent of N195,000. In addition, N18 per unit of the fixed overhead cost applied to the production of MOP Heads would be totally eliminated. The Cost Accountant has also established that 75% of the overhead is fixed.

You are required to:

a. Advise the Chief Executive Officer of Tripple Company Limited whether the company should accept the offer of Dusters Nigeria Enterprises or not. (15 Marks)

b. State FIVE other qualitative factors that the Chief Executive Officer of Tripple Company Limited should consider in making a decision in (a) above. (5 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MI – May 2015 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Costing Methods"

MA – Dec 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Relevant cost and revenue | Decision making techniques

This question focuses on relevant costing for a special order and the distinction between marginal and differential costs.

Semenhyia Ltd is involved in the design and manufacture of custom-built factory equipment. The company has just received an enquiry about the supply of 10 machines from one of their regular clients, Kukua Ltd.

Kukua Ltd has informed the company that the maximum price they are willing to pay is GH¢5,200 per machine. The order would need to be completed within two weeks.

The following details relate to the production of the machines:

i) Materials per machine:

  • 10 units of Material A, which is used regularly by the company. The company has 120 units of Material A in stock, which originally cost GH¢120 per unit. The replacement cost of Material A is 20% higher than the original price.
  • 5 units of Material B. The company has 40 units of Material B in stock, as it was purchased a few years ago for use in the production of other equipment, which the company no longer produces. If this material is not used in the production of this order, it would never be used again. The original purchase price for Material B was GH¢190 per unit. The replacement cost is GH¢150 per unit, and the net realizable value is GH¢130 per unit.
  • 3 units of Material C. This material is used regularly and usually costs GH¢85 per unit. However, the earliest delivery time for new stock from the regular supplier is three weeks. An alternative supplier could deliver immediately but would charge GH¢90 per unit. Semenhyia Ltd has 600 units in stock, but 580 units are required to complete other orders over the next two weeks.

ii) Labour hours per machine:

  • 12 skilled labour hours, paid GH¢20 per hour. Skilled workers are part of the permanent workforce, with 125 surplus skilled hours available per month. Skilled workers are paid time and a half for overtime.
  • 22 unskilled labour hours, paid GH¢15 per hour, employed on a casual basis.

iii) Supervision: A supervisor currently paid GH¢56,500 per annum will oversee the project, but a replacement will be hired for the duration of the contract at a cost of GH¢8,500.

iv) Machine hours: Each machine requires 18 hours of processing time on factory equipment. If the order is not accepted, the equipment would be subcontracted to Fimi Ltd for a contribution of GH¢70 per hour.

v) Depreciation: The depreciation charge for using the equipment for this order would be GH¢4,000.

vi) Overheads: Overheads are absorbed at a rate of GH¢35 per skilled labour hour.

vii) Estimate costs: The planning department has incurred costs to date of GH¢600.

Required:

a) Explain relevant cost and state TWO (2) examples of relevant cost in short-term decision-making. (3 marks)

b) Determine, using relevant costing principles, whether or not Semenhyia Ltd should undertake the contract. Your answer must include an explanation for the inclusion or exclusion of each of the above points. (13 marks)

c) Distinguish between “marginal cost” and “differential cost”. (4 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MA – Dec 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Relevant cost and revenue | Decision making techniques"

MA – July 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Relevant cost and revenue, Decision making techniques

Calculate the minimum price for a special order using relevant costing principles, and discuss the relevance of fixed costs in decision-making scenarios.

You are the Management Accountant for Darkoah Publishing Ltd which has been asked to send a quotation for the production of a programme for the local village fair. The work would be carried out in addition to the normal work of the company. Because of existing commitments, employees would be required to work during weekends to complete the printing of the programme. A trainee accountant has produced the following cost estimate based upon the resources required as specified by the production manager:

You are aware that considerable publicity could be obtained for the company if you are able to win this order, and the price quoted must be very competitive.

The following notes are relevant to the cost estimate above: i) The paper to be used is currently in stock at a value of GH¢5,000. It is of an unusual colour and has not been used for some time. The replacement price of the paper is GH¢8,000, whilst the scrap value of what is in stock is GH¢2,500. The production manager does not foresee any alternative use for the paper if it is not used for the village fair programme.

ii) The inks required are not held in stock. They would have to be purchased in bulk at a cost of GH¢3,000. However, only 80% of the ink purchased would be used in printing the programme. No other use is foreseen for the remainder.

iii) Skilled direct labour is currently at full capacity, but additional labour can be hired. To accommodate the printing of the programmes, 50% of the time required would be worked at weekends, for which a premium of 25% above the normal hourly rate is paid. The normal hourly rate is GH¢4.00 per hour.

iv) Unskilled labour is presently under-utilised, and at present 200 hours per week are recorded as idle time. If the printing work is carried out at a weekend, 25 unskilled labour hours would have to occur at this time, but the employees concerned would be given two hours’ time off (for which they would be paid) in lieu of each hour worked.

v) Variable overhead represents the cost of operating the printing press and binding machines.

vi) When not being used by the company, the printing press is hired to outside companies for GH¢6.00 per hour. This earns a contribution of GH¢3.00 per hour. There is unlimited demand for this facility.

vii) Fixed production costs are those incurred by and absorbed into production, using an hourly rate based on budgeted activity.

viii) The cost of the estimating department represents time that has already been incurred during discussions with the village fair committee concerning the printing of its programme.

Required: a) Prepare a revised cost estimate using a relevant cash flow approach, showing clearly the minimum price that the company should accept for the order. Give reasons for each resource valuation in your cost estimate. (17 marks)

b) Briefly discuss the statement “fixed costs are never relevant for decision making scenarios”.

(3 marks)

 

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MA – July 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Relevant cost and revenue, Decision making techniques"

MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q4a – Relevant cost and revenue, Decision making techniques

Advise on the selection of a camp meeting venue using relevant costing.

Straight-to-Heaven Church is planning its annual camp meeting in December 2017. The church has four branches, and the annual camp meeting is the first major program after all the head pastors attended a leadership conference on the theme “Blending faith and Science in Church Decision Making.”

The General Overseer of the church wishes to apply the scientific principles learned at the conference in deciding between two major venues for the 2017 annual camp meeting. Hitherto, the General Overseer or his wife would veto where annual camp meetings are held. The following information is relevant for the decision:

  1. Seven pastors will facilitate the camp meeting. ‘Food 4 All’ restaurant will be assigned the responsibility of providing food for the pastors. They have indicated that a meal for a pastor would cost GH¢5. This cost is expected to increase by one-half if a pastor attends the camp with his wife. All pastors will be fed three times daily, but only three pastors plan to attend the conference with their wives. Church members will take care of their own feeding, but all camp expenses of pastors will be borne by church members.
  2. Water to be served at the camp meeting: 100 bags of sachet water at GH¢2 each and 25 boxes of 750ml bottled water at GH¢13 per box.
  3. The church plans to either have the conference at Ahayede (A) or Bonebon (B) camp sites. Accommodation cost per head per day at Ahayede is GH¢2 for the first 400 participants and GH¢1.5 for any additional participant. Bonebon will not charge any fee, but the church will have to show appreciation, which will be in the neighborhood of GH¢2,000 after the camp.
  4. Ahayede Campsite will require the payment of electricity and water bills of GH¢300 and GH¢500, respectively.
  5. It is expected that 96 liters of fuel at GH¢3.12 per liter will be needed at Bonebon campsite.
  6. Transportation cost for chairs and canopies will be GH¢400 if the camp is undertaken at Ahayede and GH¢300 if the camp is sited at Bonebon. Each church member’s transportation cost will be GH¢3 if Ahayede is chosen as the venue, but this figure is expected to double if the camp is taken to Bonebon.
  7. Pastors’ appreciation: Apart from the General Pastor, who will receive GH¢500, each pastor will receive GH¢300 as appreciation support.
  8. The church plans that 700 church members and pastors will take part in the annual camp meeting if it is undertaken at Bonebon, while 500 members will attend the camp if it is held at Ahayede, even though the two camp sites can each take 1,000 people. The camp will last for 5 days.

Required:

i) Using relevant costing, advise management of the church on the site they should hold the annual camp meeting.

(8 marks)

ii) Suggest TWO qualitative factors that should be considered in deciding on the venue. (4 marks)

iii) Explain the term “sunk costs” and identify THREE examples of sunk costs. (3 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q4a – Relevant cost and revenue, Decision making techniques"

IMAC – MAY 2020 – L1 – Q3 – Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis | Decision-making techniques

Identify public sector decision areas for management accounting, suggest improvement techniques, and state CVP analysis assumptions.

) Management Accounting provides information for planning, control, and decision-making. It has been argued that Public Sector entities can even benefit more from Management Accounting than profit-making entities.

Required:
i) Identify FOUR (4) decision areas of the Public Sector where Management Accounting can be applied. (6 marks)
ii) Suggest an appropriate technique that can be used to improve decision-making in such areas. (9 marks)

b) State FIVE (5) assumptions underlying cost-volume-profit analysis in managerial accounting. (5 marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "IMAC – MAY 2020 – L1 – Q3 – Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis | Decision-making techniques"

error: Content is protected !!
Oops!

This feature is only available in selected plans.

Click on the login button below to login if you’re already subscribed to a plan or click on the upgrade button below to upgrade your current plan.

If you’re not subscribed to a plan, click on the button below to choose a plan