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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Cost of Capital

Calculate market value WACC for JP and discuss its preference over book value WACC for investment appraisals.

The directors of Jindadi Plc. (JP), an Abuja-based entertainment company, are currently considering the appropriate cost of capital to use in appraising capital investments. It is the policy of the company to assess the financial viability of all capital projects using the net present value criterion.

You have been provided with some financial information about the company.

JP has an equity beta of 1.2, and the ex-dividend market value of the company’s equity is N1 billion. The ex-interest market value of the convertible bonds is N168 million, and the ex-dividend market value of the preference shares is N50 million.

The convertible bonds of JP have a conversion ratio of 19 ordinary shares per bond. The conversion date and redemption date are both on the same date in five years’ time. The current ordinary share price of JP is expected to increase by 4% per year for the foreseeable future.

The equity risk premium is 5% per year, and the risk-free rate of return is 4% per year. JP pays profit tax at an annual rate of 30% per year.

Required:

a. Calculate the market value after-tax weighted average cost of capital of JP, explaining clearly any assumptions you make. (10 Marks)

b. Discuss why market value weighted average cost of capital is preferred to book value weighted average cost of capital when making investment decisions. (5 Marks)

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CR – Nov 2020 – L3 – Q2 – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Calculate EPS under various scenarios for Goodwin plc and explain EPS use in investment decisions, including examples of potential ordinary shares.

Goodwin plc
Statement of profit or loss extract for the year ended December 31, 2019

As at January 1, 2019, the issued share capital of Goodwin plc was as follows:

  • 23,000 6% preference shares of N1 each
  • 20,700 ordinary shares of N1 each

Required: Calculate the basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2019 under the following circumstances:

a. Where there is no change in the issued share capital. (5 Marks)

b. The company made a bonus issue of one ordinary share for every four shares in issue at September 30, 2019. (3 Marks)

c. The company made a rights issue of shares on October 1, 2019 in the proportion of 1 for every 5 shares held at a price of N1.20. The middle market price for the shares on the last day of quotation cum rights was N1.80 per share. (8 Marks)

d. Briefly discuss how investors use the EPS ratio in investment decisions and give TWO examples of potential ordinary shares under IAS 33. (4 Marks)

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FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q6 – Dividend Policy

Analyze P/E ratios and calculate dividend cover for companies in the food retail sector.

Companies A, B, and C are in the food retailing sector of the stock market. The following key stock market statistics are provided.

Food Retailers: Ordinary Shares, Key Stock Market Statistics:

Company A B C
Share Price (₦) 2.10 1.80 2.30
Earnings per Share (₦) 0.30 0.25 0.35
Dividend per Share (₦) 0.18 0.15 0.25

Required:

a. Illustrating your answer by using data from the table above, define and explain the term P/E ratio, and comment on the way it may be used by an investor to appraise a possible share purchase. (8 Marks)

b. Using data in the above table, calculate the dividend cover for Companies C and B, and explain the meaning and significance of the measure from the point of view of equity investors. (7 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q3 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Evaluate the financing structure and calculate required return, WACC, and factors influencing beta.

Zakai (ZK) Plc is a listed company that owns and operates a large number of farms throughout the country. A variety of crops are grown.

Financing Structure:
The following is an extract from the statement of financial position of ZK Plc as at 30 September 2021:

The ordinary shares were quoted at ₦3 per share ex div on 30 September 2021. The beta of ZK Plc’s equity shares is 0.8; the annual yield on treasury bills is 5%, and financial markets expect an average annual return of 15% on the market index.

The market price per preference share was ₦0.90 ex div on 30 September 2021. Loan stock interest is paid annually in arrears and is allowable for tax at 30%. The loan stock was priced at ₦100.57 ex interest per ₦100 nominal on 30 September 2021. Loan stock is redeemable on 30 September 2022.

Assume that taxation is payable at the end of the year in which taxable profits arise.

A New Project:
Difficult trading conditions have caused ZK Plc to decide to convert a number of its farms into camping sites with effect from the 2022 holiday season. Providing the necessary facilities for campers will require major investment, and this will be financed by a new issue of loan stock. The returns on the new campsite business are likely to have a very low correlation with those of the existing farming business.

Required:

a. Using the capital asset pricing model, calculate the required rate of return on equity of ZK Plc as at 30 September 2021. Ignore any impact from the new campsite project. (3 Marks)

b. Briefly explain the implications of a beta of less than 1, such as that for ZK Plc. (2 Marks)

c. Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of ZK Plc as at 30 September 2021 (use your calculation in answer to requirement (a) above for the cost of equity). Ignore any impact from the new campsite project. (10 Marks)

d. Without further calculations, identify and explain the factors that may change ZK Plc’s equity beta during the year ending 30 September 2022. (5 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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FM – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q3 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Calculate theoretical ex-rights price, evaluate shareholder options, discuss EMH implications, and analyze market timing for Peter Plc’s equity financing.

Peter Plc. is a large, listed manufacturing company that is currently considering how best to raise new equity finance. One option is to undertake a public issue of new shares, a course of action recently approved by the shareholders. Alternatively, the company is considering a 1 for 4 rights issue at a 10% discount to the current market price of N5.00 per share.

The company has approached several investment banks regarding the potential new rights issue and public issue. During these discussions, one investment bank stated that the precise timing of a rights issue would be of no consequence. The bank is of the opinion that a public issue of new shares should not be undertaken at the present time. It recommended that if the company wishes to pursue a public issue, it should be deferred for a minimum of six months. The bank explained that, at present, the stock market is significantly undervaluing Peter Plc.’s shares. Consequently, the company would have to issue far more shares to raise the required amount of finance than it would in six months.

The Finance Director of Peter Plc. is uncertain about this and, at a recent board meeting where the matter was discussed, made the following statement:

“According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, all share prices are correct at all times, with prices moving randomly when new information is publicly announced. The analysts at investment banks are unable to predict future share prices.”

Required:

  1. (a) Calculate the theoretical ex-rights price per share and the value of the rights per existing share, assuming the company chooses this option. (2 Marks)
  2. (b) Discuss the alternative courses of action open to the owner of 500 shares in Peter Plc. as regards the rights issue, in each case, determining the effect on the wealth of the investor. (4 Marks)
  3. (c) Discuss the factors that will influence the actual ex-rights price per share. (4 Marks)
  4. (d) Discuss the meaning and significance of the three forms of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and, with specific reference to these, discuss both the recommendation that the company waits for six months before undertaking a public issue and the Finance Director’s statement. (10 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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PM – May 2023 – L2 – SA – Q5 – Risk Assessment and Internal Control

Evaluate which project (A or B) the company should invest in, based on projected cash flows and cost of capital.

A company is considering whether or not to invest in any of the two projects where the initial cash investment would be ₦13,000,000 for Project A and ₦14,000,000 for Project B. The project would have a five-year life, and the estimated annual cash flows are as follows:

Project A

Year Cash inflows (₦) Cash outflows (₦)
1 6,000,000 3,000,000
2 8,000,000 4,000,000
3 10,000,000 4,000,000
4 9,000,000 3,000,000
5 6,000,000 3,000,000
Total 39,000,000 17,000,000

Project B

Year Cash inflows (₦) Cash outflows (₦)
1 10,000,000 5,000,000
2 9,000,000 4,000,000
3 8,000,000 3,000,000
4 8,000,000 3,000,000
5 4,000,000 2,000,000
Total 39,000,000 17,000,000

The company cost of capital is 10%.

The estimates of cash outflows are considered fairly reliable. However, the estimates of cash inflows are much more uncertain. Several factors could make the annual cash flows higher or lower than expected.

  • Factor 1: There is a 20% probability that government measures to control the industry will reduce annual cash inflows by 25%.
  • Factor 2: There is a 30% probability that another competitor will also enter the market; this would reduce the estimated cash inflows by 10%.
  • Factor 3: There is a 40% probability that demand will be stronger than expected. The company would not be able to supply more products to the market, but it would be able to sell at higher prices and cash inflows would be 5% higher than estimated.

Required:

a. Calculate the expected net present value of the two projects. (10 Marks)
b. Which of the projects will be more profitable? (5 Marks)

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BMF – May 2016 – L1 – SA – Q9 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

This question tests the calculation of Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) for a project based on financial data provided.

ABC Limited is considering investing in a project with the following financial data:

The project life span is FOUR years and has no residual value at the end of the FOUR years. Calculate the ARR.

A. 25%
B. 30%
C. 32%
D. 33%
E. 35%

 

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BMF – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q20 – Investment Decisions

Identifies which cost is relevant to investment decisions.

Which of the following is relevant to investment decisions?
A. Committed cost
B. Notional cost
C. Present cost
D. Stock cost
E. Apportionment of overheads cost

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BMF – May 2023 – L1 – SA – Q18 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

Identify the term used for separating risk and return characteristics from individual investment decisions.

Separating the risk and return characteristics of market investments from the individual investment decisions is known as (the):

A. Risk transformation
B. Separation Theorem
C. Financial intermediation
D. Maturity transformation
E. Amortisation

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BM – May 2024 – L1 – SA – Q17 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

Calculating the present value of receiving a fixed amount of money discounted at a specific rate.

Calculate the present value, discounted at 15 percent, of receiving ₦500,000 at the end of year 4.
A. ₦245,836.22
B. ₦255,846.32
C. ₦265,856.42
D. ₦275,866.52
E. ₦285,876.62

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FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q5 – Cost of Capital

Calculate market value WACC for JP and discuss its preference over book value WACC for investment appraisals.

The directors of Jindadi Plc. (JP), an Abuja-based entertainment company, are currently considering the appropriate cost of capital to use in appraising capital investments. It is the policy of the company to assess the financial viability of all capital projects using the net present value criterion.

You have been provided with some financial information about the company.

JP has an equity beta of 1.2, and the ex-dividend market value of the company’s equity is N1 billion. The ex-interest market value of the convertible bonds is N168 million, and the ex-dividend market value of the preference shares is N50 million.

The convertible bonds of JP have a conversion ratio of 19 ordinary shares per bond. The conversion date and redemption date are both on the same date in five years’ time. The current ordinary share price of JP is expected to increase by 4% per year for the foreseeable future.

The equity risk premium is 5% per year, and the risk-free rate of return is 4% per year. JP pays profit tax at an annual rate of 30% per year.

Required:

a. Calculate the market value after-tax weighted average cost of capital of JP, explaining clearly any assumptions you make. (10 Marks)

b. Discuss why market value weighted average cost of capital is preferred to book value weighted average cost of capital when making investment decisions. (5 Marks)

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CR – Nov 2020 – L3 – Q2 – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Calculate EPS under various scenarios for Goodwin plc and explain EPS use in investment decisions, including examples of potential ordinary shares.

Goodwin plc
Statement of profit or loss extract for the year ended December 31, 2019

As at January 1, 2019, the issued share capital of Goodwin plc was as follows:

  • 23,000 6% preference shares of N1 each
  • 20,700 ordinary shares of N1 each

Required: Calculate the basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2019 under the following circumstances:

a. Where there is no change in the issued share capital. (5 Marks)

b. The company made a bonus issue of one ordinary share for every four shares in issue at September 30, 2019. (3 Marks)

c. The company made a rights issue of shares on October 1, 2019 in the proportion of 1 for every 5 shares held at a price of N1.20. The middle market price for the shares on the last day of quotation cum rights was N1.80 per share. (8 Marks)

d. Briefly discuss how investors use the EPS ratio in investment decisions and give TWO examples of potential ordinary shares under IAS 33. (4 Marks)

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FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q6 – Dividend Policy

Analyze P/E ratios and calculate dividend cover for companies in the food retail sector.

Companies A, B, and C are in the food retailing sector of the stock market. The following key stock market statistics are provided.

Food Retailers: Ordinary Shares, Key Stock Market Statistics:

Company A B C
Share Price (₦) 2.10 1.80 2.30
Earnings per Share (₦) 0.30 0.25 0.35
Dividend per Share (₦) 0.18 0.15 0.25

Required:

a. Illustrating your answer by using data from the table above, define and explain the term P/E ratio, and comment on the way it may be used by an investor to appraise a possible share purchase. (8 Marks)

b. Using data in the above table, calculate the dividend cover for Companies C and B, and explain the meaning and significance of the measure from the point of view of equity investors. (7 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q3 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Evaluate the financing structure and calculate required return, WACC, and factors influencing beta.

Zakai (ZK) Plc is a listed company that owns and operates a large number of farms throughout the country. A variety of crops are grown.

Financing Structure:
The following is an extract from the statement of financial position of ZK Plc as at 30 September 2021:

The ordinary shares were quoted at ₦3 per share ex div on 30 September 2021. The beta of ZK Plc’s equity shares is 0.8; the annual yield on treasury bills is 5%, and financial markets expect an average annual return of 15% on the market index.

The market price per preference share was ₦0.90 ex div on 30 September 2021. Loan stock interest is paid annually in arrears and is allowable for tax at 30%. The loan stock was priced at ₦100.57 ex interest per ₦100 nominal on 30 September 2021. Loan stock is redeemable on 30 September 2022.

Assume that taxation is payable at the end of the year in which taxable profits arise.

A New Project:
Difficult trading conditions have caused ZK Plc to decide to convert a number of its farms into camping sites with effect from the 2022 holiday season. Providing the necessary facilities for campers will require major investment, and this will be financed by a new issue of loan stock. The returns on the new campsite business are likely to have a very low correlation with those of the existing farming business.

Required:

a. Using the capital asset pricing model, calculate the required rate of return on equity of ZK Plc as at 30 September 2021. Ignore any impact from the new campsite project. (3 Marks)

b. Briefly explain the implications of a beta of less than 1, such as that for ZK Plc. (2 Marks)

c. Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of ZK Plc as at 30 September 2021 (use your calculation in answer to requirement (a) above for the cost of equity). Ignore any impact from the new campsite project. (10 Marks)

d. Without further calculations, identify and explain the factors that may change ZK Plc’s equity beta during the year ending 30 September 2022. (5 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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FM – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q3 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Calculate theoretical ex-rights price, evaluate shareholder options, discuss EMH implications, and analyze market timing for Peter Plc’s equity financing.

Peter Plc. is a large, listed manufacturing company that is currently considering how best to raise new equity finance. One option is to undertake a public issue of new shares, a course of action recently approved by the shareholders. Alternatively, the company is considering a 1 for 4 rights issue at a 10% discount to the current market price of N5.00 per share.

The company has approached several investment banks regarding the potential new rights issue and public issue. During these discussions, one investment bank stated that the precise timing of a rights issue would be of no consequence. The bank is of the opinion that a public issue of new shares should not be undertaken at the present time. It recommended that if the company wishes to pursue a public issue, it should be deferred for a minimum of six months. The bank explained that, at present, the stock market is significantly undervaluing Peter Plc.’s shares. Consequently, the company would have to issue far more shares to raise the required amount of finance than it would in six months.

The Finance Director of Peter Plc. is uncertain about this and, at a recent board meeting where the matter was discussed, made the following statement:

“According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, all share prices are correct at all times, with prices moving randomly when new information is publicly announced. The analysts at investment banks are unable to predict future share prices.”

Required:

  1. (a) Calculate the theoretical ex-rights price per share and the value of the rights per existing share, assuming the company chooses this option. (2 Marks)
  2. (b) Discuss the alternative courses of action open to the owner of 500 shares in Peter Plc. as regards the rights issue, in each case, determining the effect on the wealth of the investor. (4 Marks)
  3. (c) Discuss the factors that will influence the actual ex-rights price per share. (4 Marks)
  4. (d) Discuss the meaning and significance of the three forms of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and, with specific reference to these, discuss both the recommendation that the company waits for six months before undertaking a public issue and the Finance Director’s statement. (10 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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PM – May 2023 – L2 – SA – Q5 – Risk Assessment and Internal Control

Evaluate which project (A or B) the company should invest in, based on projected cash flows and cost of capital.

A company is considering whether or not to invest in any of the two projects where the initial cash investment would be ₦13,000,000 for Project A and ₦14,000,000 for Project B. The project would have a five-year life, and the estimated annual cash flows are as follows:

Project A

Year Cash inflows (₦) Cash outflows (₦)
1 6,000,000 3,000,000
2 8,000,000 4,000,000
3 10,000,000 4,000,000
4 9,000,000 3,000,000
5 6,000,000 3,000,000
Total 39,000,000 17,000,000

Project B

Year Cash inflows (₦) Cash outflows (₦)
1 10,000,000 5,000,000
2 9,000,000 4,000,000
3 8,000,000 3,000,000
4 8,000,000 3,000,000
5 4,000,000 2,000,000
Total 39,000,000 17,000,000

The company cost of capital is 10%.

The estimates of cash outflows are considered fairly reliable. However, the estimates of cash inflows are much more uncertain. Several factors could make the annual cash flows higher or lower than expected.

  • Factor 1: There is a 20% probability that government measures to control the industry will reduce annual cash inflows by 25%.
  • Factor 2: There is a 30% probability that another competitor will also enter the market; this would reduce the estimated cash inflows by 10%.
  • Factor 3: There is a 40% probability that demand will be stronger than expected. The company would not be able to supply more products to the market, but it would be able to sell at higher prices and cash inflows would be 5% higher than estimated.

Required:

a. Calculate the expected net present value of the two projects. (10 Marks)
b. Which of the projects will be more profitable? (5 Marks)

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BMF – May 2016 – L1 – SA – Q9 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

This question tests the calculation of Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) for a project based on financial data provided.

ABC Limited is considering investing in a project with the following financial data:

The project life span is FOUR years and has no residual value at the end of the FOUR years. Calculate the ARR.

A. 25%
B. 30%
C. 32%
D. 33%
E. 35%

 

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BMF – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q20 – Investment Decisions

Identifies which cost is relevant to investment decisions.

Which of the following is relevant to investment decisions?
A. Committed cost
B. Notional cost
C. Present cost
D. Stock cost
E. Apportionment of overheads cost

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BMF – May 2023 – L1 – SA – Q18 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

Identify the term used for separating risk and return characteristics from individual investment decisions.

Separating the risk and return characteristics of market investments from the individual investment decisions is known as (the):

A. Risk transformation
B. Separation Theorem
C. Financial intermediation
D. Maturity transformation
E. Amortisation

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BM – May 2024 – L1 – SA – Q17 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

Calculating the present value of receiving a fixed amount of money discounted at a specific rate.

Calculate the present value, discounted at 15 percent, of receiving ₦500,000 at the end of year 4.
A. ₦245,836.22
B. ₦255,846.32
C. ₦265,856.42
D. ₦275,866.52
E. ₦285,876.62

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