Question Tag: Forward Contracts

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2014 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Address the calculation of potential exchange rate losses, money market hedging, and the advantages and disadvantages of forward contracts.

  1. Build Nigeria Plc. (BNP) is a giant construction company with head office in Kano, Nigeria. It is involved in construction of roads, dams, airfields, etc., in many parts of the country. Recently, the company won construction contracts across a number of African countries. One of the contracts is for the construction of a dam for a country in Central Africa whose currency is Central African Dollar (C$). The dam has now been completed, and the retention money of C$210,000,000 is due for settlement in one year’s time.
    The current spot exchange rate is C$40 = N1. Risk-free rate is 5% in Nigeria and 25% in the foreign country.
    The Chief Finance Officer (CFO) of BNP is worried about the above financial statistics and concluded that BNP will lose as much as N840,000 due to exchange rate movements between now and the end of the year when the retention money is received.

    Required:
    Explain, showing all relevant calculations, how the CFO arrived at the potential loss of N840,000. (4 Marks)

    b. In another contract in a country in the ECOWAS sub-region (with currency of W$), BNP expects the following payment and receipt in six months’ time:
    You are provided with the following financial data:

    • Spot exchange rate:
      N per W$1 = 1.4735 – 1.4755
    • Money Market Rates:
      Deposit % Borrowing %
      Nigeria 13.25
      West African Country 6.5

    Required:
    Show how BNP can make use of money market hedge to mitigate the foreign exchange risk inherent in the above payment and receipt. Show all workings and the necessary steps.

    (7 Marks)

    c. Discuss TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of forward exchange contracts.

    (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2021 – L3 – Q4 – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Evaluate economic exposure, forecast exchange rates with inflation, calculate expected receipts using forward and money-market hedges, and discuss problems with futures contracts.

Kingston Plc. (KP) is a Nigerian company based in Aba. KP exports finished products to and imports raw materials from a company Central Africa, with currency of Central Dollar (C$).

KP has the following expected transactions:

You have collected the following information:

Money market rate for KP:

a. Discuss the significance to a multinational company of economic exposure. (5 Marks)

b. Explain how inflation rates can be used to forecast exchange rates. (3 Marks)

c. Calculate the expected naira receipts in one month and in three months using the forward market. (3 Marks)

d. Calculate the expected naira receipts in three months using a money-market hedge and recommend whether a forward market hedge or a money-market hedge should be used. (5 Marks)

e. Discuss FOUR possible problems of using futures contracts to hedge exchange rate risks. (4 Marks)

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  • 12 Marks

FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q6a – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Evaluate hedging methods for a UK supplier payment of £5 million in three months.

a. You have worked with a major oil servicing company in Nigeria, with headquarters in the USA, for the past six years. Recently you completed your ICAN examinations, and you have been asked to join the international treasury department in New York City for a two-year attachment. The company is due to pay a UK supplier the sum of ₤5million in three months’ time. Your team is considering alternative methods of hedging the expected payment against adverse movements in exchange rate.

You are required to advise the company which of the following hedging strategies should be adopted for the payment due to be made in three months. Show all workings:
i. Forward contract (2 Marks)
ii. Currency futures (5 Marks)
iii. Currency options (5 Marks)

 

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q6 – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Evaluate foreign exchange hedging options for Alpha Plc’s expected receipt of Kudi and discuss non-financial risk reduction methods.

Alpha Plc. is a Nigerian manufacturer of plastic containers, selling across West African and other African countries. In three months, Alpha Plc. is due to receive 70 million Kudi from a Central African country. At today’s board meeting, the directors will discuss the need to hedge the foreign exchange exposure associated with this transaction and potential methods.

Three alternatives will be considered:

(i) Not to hedge this transaction;
(ii) Use a forward contract, with current exchange rates quoted by Alpha Plc.’s bank as follows:

  • Spot: 1.1548 – 1.1608 Kudi/N
  • 3 months forward: 1.1438 – 1.1508 Kudi/N
    (iii) Use an over-the-counter currency option on Kudi, available through Alpha Plc.’s bank. Current premiums at an exercise price of 1.1650 Kudi/N are N1.10 per 100 Kudi for a call option and N1.25 per 100 Kudi for a put option.

Required:

a. State four reasons why a firm might reasonably choose not to hedge its exposure to exchange rate risk. (4 Marks)

b. Show the effect of each of the three alternatives being considered, assuming that the spot exchange rate in three months’ time is:
i. 1.1850 – 1.1880 Kudi/N
ii. 1.1295 – 1.1320 Kudi/N (7 Marks)

c. State four methods available to firms to reduce their exposure to foreign exchange risks that do not involve the use of financial contracts. (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – MAY 2016 – L2 – Q5 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management | Hedging with options

Discuss differences between forward and futures contracts, types of currency risk exposure, disadvantages of hedging with futures, and reasons for differences in interest rates across different maturities.

a) AD Ventures imports tomato paste from Italy for sale in Ghana. AD Ventures typically buys the tomato paste on an open account and pays the euro invoice value two months after receipt of goods. AD Ventures has suffered heavy exchange rate losses of late due to the continuous depreciation of the Ghanaian cedi against the euro. AD Ventures will receive a consignment of tomato paste on 15th May 2016. The value of this consignment is EUR540,000, which must be settled in two months’ time (settlement deadline being 15th July 2016).

The current spot exchange rate for the euro is GH¢4.7110/EUR. Financial pundits forecast that the Ghanaian cedi will depreciate against the euro in the coming months. The owner-manager of AD Venture, Akua Donkor, is worried about the probable foreign exchange loss her business may suffer when the invoice value is settled in two months’ time.

Akua Donkor has heard of the possibility of hedging AD Ventures’ currency exposure with a forward contract or futures contract but does not know what these contracts are. She has asked you to advise her on what to do to hedge against the underlying exposure relating to the EUR540,000 tomato paste consignment.

You would like to recommend a futures market hedge to Akua Donkor. You searched the derivatives market; and you found a futures contract on the euro that matures in August 2016. Other relevant details of the contract follow:

  • Contract size: EUR100,000
  • Futures contract price: GH¢4.8112/EUR

Required:
i) Explain to Akua Donkor FOUR differences between a forward contract and a futures contract. (4 marks)
ii) Currency risk exposure may be transaction risk, economic risk, or translation risk. Which of the three kinds of currency risk exposure is AD Ventures facing in relation to the EUR540,000 tomato paste consignment? Explain why. (4 marks)
iii) Explain to Akua Donkor THREE disadvantages of hedging the euro exposure with a futures hedge. (6 marks)

b) It has been observed that interest rates on debt securities or loans differ for different maturities. For the week ending 28th August 2015, the annual interest rate on the 1-year Government of Ghana note was 22.5% whereas the annual interest rate on the 2-year note was 23%.

Required:
With THREE reasons, explain why interest rates on debt securities and loans are different for different maturity periods. (6 marks)

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  • 5 Marks

FM – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q3c – Futures and hedging with futures

Explain the differences between forward contracts and futures contracts.

c) Explain TWO (2) differences between forward contracts and futures contracts. (5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – MAR 2024 – L2 – Q5 – Working Capital Management

Evaluates different financing options for working capital requirements and compares forward and futures currency contracts.

a) Edziban Foods Ltd has just signed a contract to sell food items worth GH¢120,000 per month to the School Feeding Secretariat on credit. With the average collection period expected to be 45 days, the company will increase its working capital requirement by GH¢177,534. The company’s managers are considering three options for financing the additional working capital requirement:

  • Option 1 – Trade credit: The company buys about GH¢72,000 of food items per month on terms of “2.5/20, net 60.” Going forward, the company may choose to forgo the discount.
  • Option 2 – Factoring: The company enters a non-recourse factoring contract, under which the factor takes up the receivables to be created from the credit sales under the contract (i.e., GH¢120,000 per month) for a fee of 2% of the credit sales. The average collection period for the credit sales will remain at 45 days. The factor will advance up to 80% of the face value of the average receivables at an annual interest rate of 16%. It has been estimated that the factor’s services will save the company GH¢1,500 per month in debt collection costs.
  • Option 3 – Bank loan: The company takes a loan of GH¢197,260 at 15% from its bankers. A 10% compensating balance will be required.

Required:

i) Recommend the best financing option to the managers of the company based on annualized percentage cost.
(11 marks)

ii) Distinguish between “without recourse” factoring agreement and “with recourse” factoring agreement.
(4 marks)

b) Explain THREE (3) differences between a forward currency contract and a futures currency contract.
(5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – MAR 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Involves calculating the quarterly payment and total interest on a mortgage loan, evaluating an alternative payment plan, and explaining and applying currency risk management techniques using forward contracts.

a) Onana Events Company (Onana) is purchasing a building from a real estate company. The current cash price of the building is GH¢2,500,000. Onana can obtain a GH¢2,500,000 mortgage loan to finance the payment of the cash price of the building. The loan bears a compound annual interest rate of 18% and calls for equal payments at the end of each quarter for 20 years.

Required:

i) Compute the quarterly payment.
(4 marks)

ii) Compute the total interest that will be paid by Onana to the mortgage company over the life of the loan.
(2 marks)

iii) Suppose the real estate company is offering a credit payment plan to Onana. Per the credit terms, Onana will have to pay GH¢500,000 now and then pay GH¢110,000 at the end of each month for one year. The implicit interest rate is 20% per annum. Compute the aggregate present value of the payments under this option.
(4 marks)

b) Sempe Ghana Plc needs to have EUR650,000 in two months’ time to settle a trade payable. The management team fears that the cedi would depreciate against the euro in the coming months. The team is however divided over whether the currency risk exposure should be hedged using a forward foreign exchange contract or a futures foreign exchange contract. The following quotations have been obtained from Ghana’s foreign exchange market:

FX Quotation Bid Rate Ask (Offer) Rate
Spot Rate GH¢12.1854/EUR1 GH¢12.4854/EUR1
2-month Forward Rate GH¢12.5854/EUR1 GH¢12.8854/EUR1

Required:

i) Explain to the management of Sempe Ghana Ltd whether the foreign exchange quotations provided above are direct quotations or indirect quotations.
(5 marks)

ii) Suppose the company uses the forward contract to hedge its currency exposure. Compute the outcome of the forward contract hedge.
(5 marks)

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  • 5 Marks

FM – NOV 2015 – L2 – Q5c – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Identify distinguishing features of currency futures contracts and forward contracts.

Identify five (5) distinguishing features of a currency futures contract and a forward contract. (5 marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2014 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Address the calculation of potential exchange rate losses, money market hedging, and the advantages and disadvantages of forward contracts.

  1. Build Nigeria Plc. (BNP) is a giant construction company with head office in Kano, Nigeria. It is involved in construction of roads, dams, airfields, etc., in many parts of the country. Recently, the company won construction contracts across a number of African countries. One of the contracts is for the construction of a dam for a country in Central Africa whose currency is Central African Dollar (C$). The dam has now been completed, and the retention money of C$210,000,000 is due for settlement in one year’s time.
    The current spot exchange rate is C$40 = N1. Risk-free rate is 5% in Nigeria and 25% in the foreign country.
    The Chief Finance Officer (CFO) of BNP is worried about the above financial statistics and concluded that BNP will lose as much as N840,000 due to exchange rate movements between now and the end of the year when the retention money is received.

    Required:
    Explain, showing all relevant calculations, how the CFO arrived at the potential loss of N840,000. (4 Marks)

    b. In another contract in a country in the ECOWAS sub-region (with currency of W$), BNP expects the following payment and receipt in six months’ time:
    You are provided with the following financial data:

    • Spot exchange rate:
      N per W$1 = 1.4735 – 1.4755
    • Money Market Rates:
      Deposit % Borrowing %
      Nigeria 13.25
      West African Country 6.5

    Required:
    Show how BNP can make use of money market hedge to mitigate the foreign exchange risk inherent in the above payment and receipt. Show all workings and the necessary steps.

    (7 Marks)

    c. Discuss TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of forward exchange contracts.

    (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2021 – L3 – Q4 – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Evaluate economic exposure, forecast exchange rates with inflation, calculate expected receipts using forward and money-market hedges, and discuss problems with futures contracts.

Kingston Plc. (KP) is a Nigerian company based in Aba. KP exports finished products to and imports raw materials from a company Central Africa, with currency of Central Dollar (C$).

KP has the following expected transactions:

You have collected the following information:

Money market rate for KP:

a. Discuss the significance to a multinational company of economic exposure. (5 Marks)

b. Explain how inflation rates can be used to forecast exchange rates. (3 Marks)

c. Calculate the expected naira receipts in one month and in three months using the forward market. (3 Marks)

d. Calculate the expected naira receipts in three months using a money-market hedge and recommend whether a forward market hedge or a money-market hedge should be used. (5 Marks)

e. Discuss FOUR possible problems of using futures contracts to hedge exchange rate risks. (4 Marks)

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  • 12 Marks

FM – May 2022 – L3 – Q6a – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Evaluate hedging methods for a UK supplier payment of £5 million in three months.

a. You have worked with a major oil servicing company in Nigeria, with headquarters in the USA, for the past six years. Recently you completed your ICAN examinations, and you have been asked to join the international treasury department in New York City for a two-year attachment. The company is due to pay a UK supplier the sum of ₤5million in three months’ time. Your team is considering alternative methods of hedging the expected payment against adverse movements in exchange rate.

You are required to advise the company which of the following hedging strategies should be adopted for the payment due to be made in three months. Show all workings:
i. Forward contract (2 Marks)
ii. Currency futures (5 Marks)
iii. Currency options (5 Marks)

 

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q6 – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Evaluate foreign exchange hedging options for Alpha Plc’s expected receipt of Kudi and discuss non-financial risk reduction methods.

Alpha Plc. is a Nigerian manufacturer of plastic containers, selling across West African and other African countries. In three months, Alpha Plc. is due to receive 70 million Kudi from a Central African country. At today’s board meeting, the directors will discuss the need to hedge the foreign exchange exposure associated with this transaction and potential methods.

Three alternatives will be considered:

(i) Not to hedge this transaction;
(ii) Use a forward contract, with current exchange rates quoted by Alpha Plc.’s bank as follows:

  • Spot: 1.1548 – 1.1608 Kudi/N
  • 3 months forward: 1.1438 – 1.1508 Kudi/N
    (iii) Use an over-the-counter currency option on Kudi, available through Alpha Plc.’s bank. Current premiums at an exercise price of 1.1650 Kudi/N are N1.10 per 100 Kudi for a call option and N1.25 per 100 Kudi for a put option.

Required:

a. State four reasons why a firm might reasonably choose not to hedge its exposure to exchange rate risk. (4 Marks)

b. Show the effect of each of the three alternatives being considered, assuming that the spot exchange rate in three months’ time is:
i. 1.1850 – 1.1880 Kudi/N
ii. 1.1295 – 1.1320 Kudi/N (7 Marks)

c. State four methods available to firms to reduce their exposure to foreign exchange risks that do not involve the use of financial contracts. (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – MAY 2016 – L2 – Q5 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management | Hedging with options

Discuss differences between forward and futures contracts, types of currency risk exposure, disadvantages of hedging with futures, and reasons for differences in interest rates across different maturities.

a) AD Ventures imports tomato paste from Italy for sale in Ghana. AD Ventures typically buys the tomato paste on an open account and pays the euro invoice value two months after receipt of goods. AD Ventures has suffered heavy exchange rate losses of late due to the continuous depreciation of the Ghanaian cedi against the euro. AD Ventures will receive a consignment of tomato paste on 15th May 2016. The value of this consignment is EUR540,000, which must be settled in two months’ time (settlement deadline being 15th July 2016).

The current spot exchange rate for the euro is GH¢4.7110/EUR. Financial pundits forecast that the Ghanaian cedi will depreciate against the euro in the coming months. The owner-manager of AD Venture, Akua Donkor, is worried about the probable foreign exchange loss her business may suffer when the invoice value is settled in two months’ time.

Akua Donkor has heard of the possibility of hedging AD Ventures’ currency exposure with a forward contract or futures contract but does not know what these contracts are. She has asked you to advise her on what to do to hedge against the underlying exposure relating to the EUR540,000 tomato paste consignment.

You would like to recommend a futures market hedge to Akua Donkor. You searched the derivatives market; and you found a futures contract on the euro that matures in August 2016. Other relevant details of the contract follow:

  • Contract size: EUR100,000
  • Futures contract price: GH¢4.8112/EUR

Required:
i) Explain to Akua Donkor FOUR differences between a forward contract and a futures contract. (4 marks)
ii) Currency risk exposure may be transaction risk, economic risk, or translation risk. Which of the three kinds of currency risk exposure is AD Ventures facing in relation to the EUR540,000 tomato paste consignment? Explain why. (4 marks)
iii) Explain to Akua Donkor THREE disadvantages of hedging the euro exposure with a futures hedge. (6 marks)

b) It has been observed that interest rates on debt securities or loans differ for different maturities. For the week ending 28th August 2015, the annual interest rate on the 1-year Government of Ghana note was 22.5% whereas the annual interest rate on the 2-year note was 23%.

Required:
With THREE reasons, explain why interest rates on debt securities and loans are different for different maturity periods. (6 marks)

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  • 5 Marks

FM – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q3c – Futures and hedging with futures

Explain the differences between forward contracts and futures contracts.

c) Explain TWO (2) differences between forward contracts and futures contracts. (5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – MAR 2024 – L2 – Q5 – Working Capital Management

Evaluates different financing options for working capital requirements and compares forward and futures currency contracts.

a) Edziban Foods Ltd has just signed a contract to sell food items worth GH¢120,000 per month to the School Feeding Secretariat on credit. With the average collection period expected to be 45 days, the company will increase its working capital requirement by GH¢177,534. The company’s managers are considering three options for financing the additional working capital requirement:

  • Option 1 – Trade credit: The company buys about GH¢72,000 of food items per month on terms of “2.5/20, net 60.” Going forward, the company may choose to forgo the discount.
  • Option 2 – Factoring: The company enters a non-recourse factoring contract, under which the factor takes up the receivables to be created from the credit sales under the contract (i.e., GH¢120,000 per month) for a fee of 2% of the credit sales. The average collection period for the credit sales will remain at 45 days. The factor will advance up to 80% of the face value of the average receivables at an annual interest rate of 16%. It has been estimated that the factor’s services will save the company GH¢1,500 per month in debt collection costs.
  • Option 3 – Bank loan: The company takes a loan of GH¢197,260 at 15% from its bankers. A 10% compensating balance will be required.

Required:

i) Recommend the best financing option to the managers of the company based on annualized percentage cost.
(11 marks)

ii) Distinguish between “without recourse” factoring agreement and “with recourse” factoring agreement.
(4 marks)

b) Explain THREE (3) differences between a forward currency contract and a futures currency contract.
(5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – MAR 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Involves calculating the quarterly payment and total interest on a mortgage loan, evaluating an alternative payment plan, and explaining and applying currency risk management techniques using forward contracts.

a) Onana Events Company (Onana) is purchasing a building from a real estate company. The current cash price of the building is GH¢2,500,000. Onana can obtain a GH¢2,500,000 mortgage loan to finance the payment of the cash price of the building. The loan bears a compound annual interest rate of 18% and calls for equal payments at the end of each quarter for 20 years.

Required:

i) Compute the quarterly payment.
(4 marks)

ii) Compute the total interest that will be paid by Onana to the mortgage company over the life of the loan.
(2 marks)

iii) Suppose the real estate company is offering a credit payment plan to Onana. Per the credit terms, Onana will have to pay GH¢500,000 now and then pay GH¢110,000 at the end of each month for one year. The implicit interest rate is 20% per annum. Compute the aggregate present value of the payments under this option.
(4 marks)

b) Sempe Ghana Plc needs to have EUR650,000 in two months’ time to settle a trade payable. The management team fears that the cedi would depreciate against the euro in the coming months. The team is however divided over whether the currency risk exposure should be hedged using a forward foreign exchange contract or a futures foreign exchange contract. The following quotations have been obtained from Ghana’s foreign exchange market:

FX Quotation Bid Rate Ask (Offer) Rate
Spot Rate GH¢12.1854/EUR1 GH¢12.4854/EUR1
2-month Forward Rate GH¢12.5854/EUR1 GH¢12.8854/EUR1

Required:

i) Explain to the management of Sempe Ghana Ltd whether the foreign exchange quotations provided above are direct quotations or indirect quotations.
(5 marks)

ii) Suppose the company uses the forward contract to hedge its currency exposure. Compute the outcome of the forward contract hedge.
(5 marks)

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  • 5 Marks

FM – NOV 2015 – L2 – Q5c – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Identify distinguishing features of currency futures contracts and forward contracts.

Identify five (5) distinguishing features of a currency futures contract and a forward contract. (5 marks)

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