Question Tag: Forecasting

Search 500 + past questions and counting.
  • Filter by Professional Bodies

  • Filter by Subject

  • Filter by Series

  • Filter by Topics

  • Filter by Levels

MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Budgetary Control

Preparation of a budgeted profit and loss account for Ankawa LTD for the year ending 31 December 2025.

Ankawa LTD makes and sells a single product ‘Dee’. The following information is available for use in the budgeting process for the year 2025.

i) Sales targets have been proposed for four quarters in 2025 and the first quarter in 2026:

Year Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Quarter 1 (2026)
Sales (GH¢) 240,000 160,000 144,000 224,000 192,000

Selling price per unit of Dee is expected to be GH¢20.

ii) Inventory levels

  • At 31 December 2024: Finished units of Dee: 3,000 units

  • Raw materials: 7,000kg

  • Closing inventory of finished product Dee at the end of each quarter is budgeted as a percentage of sales units of the following quarter:

    • Quarters 1 and 2: 25%
    • Quarters 3 and 4: 35%
  • Closing inventory of raw materials is budgeted to fall by 600kg at the end of each quarter.

iii) Product Dee unit data:

  • Material: 8kg at GH¢1.60 per kg
  • Direct labour: 1.2 hours at GH¢3.50 per hour

iv) Other budgeted quarterly expenditure for 2025:

Quarter Fixed Overhead (GH¢) Capital Expenditure (GH¢)
Quarter 1 10,000 10,000
Quarter 2 18,000
Quarter 3 27,000
Quarter 4 30,000

v) Depreciation

  • Property is depreciated on a straight-line basis at 5% per annum based on total cost.
  • Value of property as at 31 December 2024: GH¢100,000.

vi) Inventory of product Dee is valued on a marginal cost basis for internal budget purposes.

Required:

Prepare the budgeted profit and loss account for the year ended 31 December 2025.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Budgetary Control"

FM – May 2024 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Financial Planning and Forecasting

Evaluate financing options for Tope's Cellular Stores, including impact on profit, EPS, gearing, and shareholder perspective.

Tope operates a chain of cellular telephone stores in the country. An abbreviated profit or loss account and statement of financial position of the business for the year that has just ended is as follows:

Abbreviated Profit or Loss Account for the Year Ended 31 May 2023

Item Amount (₦’000)
Sales 6,450
Operating profit for the year 800
Interest payable (160)
Net profit before taxation 640
Tax (20%) (128)
Net profit after taxation 512
Dividends proposed (256)
Retained profit for the year 256

Abbreviated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 May 2023

Item Amount (₦’000)
Non-current assets at written down values 3,500
Current assets 1,800
Less: Current liabilities (1,100)
Net Current Assets 700
Total Assets 4,200
Less: Long-term liabilities (2,000)
Net Assets 2,200
Capital and Reserves
₦0.50 ordinary shares 600
Retained profit 1,600
Total Capital and Reserves 2,200

The company is expecting a surge in sales following advances in cellular telephone technology that should translate into additional operating profits of ₦180,000 per year for the foreseeable future. However, the company will need to invest ₦1,200,000 immediately in expanding the asset base of the business if it is to achieve these additional profits.

The business has approached a large supplier that already has an equity investment in the business to see whether it would be prepared to provide further funds for the business. The supplier has indicated it would be willing to provide the necessary funds by either:

(i) An issue of ₦0.50 ordinary shares at a premium of ₦1.50 per share; or
(ii) An issue of ₦1,200,000 10% debt at par.

The Board of Directors of Tope has already announced that it will maintain the same dividend payout ratio in future years as in the past, and that this policy will be unaffected by the form of finance raised.

Required:

a. For each of the financing options: i. Prepare a forecast profit or loss account for the forthcoming year. (5 Marks)
ii. Calculate the forecast earnings per share for the forthcoming year. (2 Marks)
iii. Calculate the projected level of gearing (D/(D+E)) at the end of the forthcoming year. (2 Marks)

b. Calculate the level of operating profit at which the earnings per share will be the same under each financing option. (3 Marks)

c. Evaluate each of the financing options from the viewpoint of an existing shareholder. (2 Marks)

d. Discuss the factors that will influence a company to finance through debt or equity, and whether to opt for long-term or short-term debt. (6 Marks)

(Total: 20 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "FM – May 2024 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Financial Planning and Forecasting"

PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Budgeting and Budgetary Control

Outline key stages in linking long-term objectives to budgetary control, and explain different budgeting types and forecasting methods.

You are the management accountant of a large manufacturing company in Kaduna. A management retreat has been planned for next week to set the agenda for the preparation for next year’s budget.

Required:

a. Outline the key stages in the planning process that link long-term objectives and budgetary control. (8 Marks)

b. Explain the meaning of the terms ‘fixed budget’, ‘rolling budget’, and ‘zero-based budget’, and discuss the circumstances under which each budget might be used. (8 Marks)

c. Discuss whether time series analysis may be preferred to linear regression as a way of forecasting sales volume. (4 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Budgeting and Budgetary Control"

MI – Nov 2020 – L1 – SB – Q1 – Budgeting

Prepare the cash budget for the first three months of the year based on provided sales, expenses, and additional company details.

WXYZ is preparing for the first half of the next year. The following information was available:

a. Sales – 15% of monthly sales are in cash, while the balance is sold on credit. Collections from receivables are 50% in the first month after sales, 30% in the second month, and the balance in the third month after sales.
b. Purchases are usually 55% of sales and paid in the month of purchase.
c. Insurance company is expected to pay the sum of N525,000 in February based on the company’s accidented vehicles.
d. Salary deductions are paid on a preceding-month basis.
e. Company income tax of N475,550 will be paid in March.
f. Cash and cash equivalent balance as at December is N502,760.
g. Bank charges are 1% of total payments for the month.
h. Additional Information:

Month October (N) November (N) December (N) January (N) February (N) March (N)
Sales 750,000 600,000 850,000 520,000 670,000 800,000
Net Salaries 230,000 200,000 250,000 210,000 240,000 270,000
Other Expenses 200,700 187,500 197,500 177,200 187,500 192,700
Salaries Deductions 29,400 28,400 39,400 28,700 32,750 27,650

Required:
Prepare the cash budget for the first three months of the year. (Total 20 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MI – Nov 2020 – L1 – SB – Q1 – Budgeting"

PM – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q4 – Cost Management Strategies

Calculate the learning curve rate, forecast shut-down costs for year 2 and 3, and discuss potential errors in the forecast.

Akoko plc. has recently developed a new product called “EKO” which has been in production for the past year. The plant producing “EKO” shuts down for routine inspection and maintenance every three months, and during the first year’s operation, the costs of shut-down have been as follows:

Quarter Shut-Down Cost (₦)
I 36,000
2 28,800
3 27,000
4 25,200

The management accountant attempts to forecast maintenance costs for the coming year. On examining the data, it appears that these costs have steadily decreased, which may be due to maintenance engineers becoming more efficient or the plant settling down after initial operational issues. The learning curve might explain this trend.

Required:
a. Explain the concept of a learning curve. (4 Marks)
b. Estimate the rate of learning inherent in the data and explain its meaning. (4 Marks)
c. Using the learning rate determined, forecast the total cost of shut-down for routine maintenance during the coming year. (5 Marks)
d. Assume learning ceases at the end of the second year; forecast the total cost of shut-down for routine maintenance during the third year. (4 Marks)
e. State TWO specific reasons why this forecast may be inaccurate. (3 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "PM – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q4 – Cost Management Strategies"

QTB – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q14 – Statistics

This question involves identifying the estimable components of a time series.

The TWO components of a Time Series which are usually estimable are:
A. Trend and Cyclic variation
B. Seasonal variation and Trend
C. Random movements and Trend
D. Seasonal variation and Random movements
E. Cyclic variation and Seasonal variation

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q14 – Statistics"

QTB – Nov 2014 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Forecasting

Identifies the method that is not considered a quantitative forecasting technique.

The following are quantitative techniques of forecasting in business analysis EXCEPT:
A. Regression analysis
B. Delphi method
C. Moving average
D. Exponential smoothing
E. Time series analysis

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – Nov 2014 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Forecasting"

QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q6b – Operations Research

This question involves calculating seasonal adjustments based on moving average analysis for sales data.

i. The following moving average analysis is obtained for the quarterly sales of a bakery based on the additive model:

Quarter Trend Actual Sales in the Quarter Variation (Actual – Trend)
Year 1: Q3 29.375 29 -0.375
Year 1: Q4 33.125 33 -0.125
Year 2: Q1 37.125 37 -0.125
Year 2: Q2 41.250 41 -0.250
Year 2: Q3 45.000 46 1.000
Year 2: Q4 47.875 48 0.125
Year 3: Q1 53.000 51 -2.000
Year 3: Q2 57.125 58 0.875

Required:
Calculate the seasonal adjustment for each quarter.
(6 marks)

ii. An electrical bulb-making company runs a production line that contains 760 bulbs of the same wattage. These bulbs fail on a regular basis according to the following probability distribution:

Life (months) Probability of Failure (P)
1 0.27
2 0.56
3 0.17

Required:
If the cost of replacing a bulb is N60, determine the following:

  • The life span (2 marks)
  • The average number of replacements in the period (1 mark)
  • The average monthly cost of replacing the bulbs. (1 mark)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q6b – Operations Research"

QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Statistics

This question involves using the least squares method to fit a trend line for annual expenditures and make future forecasts.

The annual expenditures (N’000) of a family from 2000 to 2009 were as follows:

Year Expenditure (N’000)
2000 600
2001 610
2002 580
2003 590
2004 480
2005 560
2006 550
2007 620
2008 490
2009 530

Required:
a. Setting year 2000 as , fit the least squares line for the annual expenditures.
(15 marks)

b. Forecast what the expenditure will be in the years:
i. 2012 (2½ marks)
ii. 2016 (2½ marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Statistics"

QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SA – Q17 – Statistics

Calculating the trend stock for a future month based on historical stock figures.

A company takes stock for 5 months in each year. The stock figures of materials for the most recent three years are as tabulated below:

Determine the trend stock for month 6.

A. 84

B. 85

C. 86

D. 87

E. 88

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SA – Q17 – Statistics"

MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Budgetary Control

Preparation of a budgeted profit and loss account for Ankawa LTD for the year ending 31 December 2025.

Ankawa LTD makes and sells a single product ‘Dee’. The following information is available for use in the budgeting process for the year 2025.

i) Sales targets have been proposed for four quarters in 2025 and the first quarter in 2026:

Year Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Quarter 1 (2026)
Sales (GH¢) 240,000 160,000 144,000 224,000 192,000

Selling price per unit of Dee is expected to be GH¢20.

ii) Inventory levels

  • At 31 December 2024: Finished units of Dee: 3,000 units

  • Raw materials: 7,000kg

  • Closing inventory of finished product Dee at the end of each quarter is budgeted as a percentage of sales units of the following quarter:

    • Quarters 1 and 2: 25%
    • Quarters 3 and 4: 35%
  • Closing inventory of raw materials is budgeted to fall by 600kg at the end of each quarter.

iii) Product Dee unit data:

  • Material: 8kg at GH¢1.60 per kg
  • Direct labour: 1.2 hours at GH¢3.50 per hour

iv) Other budgeted quarterly expenditure for 2025:

Quarter Fixed Overhead (GH¢) Capital Expenditure (GH¢)
Quarter 1 10,000 10,000
Quarter 2 18,000
Quarter 3 27,000
Quarter 4 30,000

v) Depreciation

  • Property is depreciated on a straight-line basis at 5% per annum based on total cost.
  • Value of property as at 31 December 2024: GH¢100,000.

vi) Inventory of product Dee is valued on a marginal cost basis for internal budget purposes.

Required:

Prepare the budgeted profit and loss account for the year ended 31 December 2025.

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Budgetary Control"

FM – May 2024 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Financial Planning and Forecasting

Evaluate financing options for Tope's Cellular Stores, including impact on profit, EPS, gearing, and shareholder perspective.

Tope operates a chain of cellular telephone stores in the country. An abbreviated profit or loss account and statement of financial position of the business for the year that has just ended is as follows:

Abbreviated Profit or Loss Account for the Year Ended 31 May 2023

Item Amount (₦’000)
Sales 6,450
Operating profit for the year 800
Interest payable (160)
Net profit before taxation 640
Tax (20%) (128)
Net profit after taxation 512
Dividends proposed (256)
Retained profit for the year 256

Abbreviated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 May 2023

Item Amount (₦’000)
Non-current assets at written down values 3,500
Current assets 1,800
Less: Current liabilities (1,100)
Net Current Assets 700
Total Assets 4,200
Less: Long-term liabilities (2,000)
Net Assets 2,200
Capital and Reserves
₦0.50 ordinary shares 600
Retained profit 1,600
Total Capital and Reserves 2,200

The company is expecting a surge in sales following advances in cellular telephone technology that should translate into additional operating profits of ₦180,000 per year for the foreseeable future. However, the company will need to invest ₦1,200,000 immediately in expanding the asset base of the business if it is to achieve these additional profits.

The business has approached a large supplier that already has an equity investment in the business to see whether it would be prepared to provide further funds for the business. The supplier has indicated it would be willing to provide the necessary funds by either:

(i) An issue of ₦0.50 ordinary shares at a premium of ₦1.50 per share; or
(ii) An issue of ₦1,200,000 10% debt at par.

The Board of Directors of Tope has already announced that it will maintain the same dividend payout ratio in future years as in the past, and that this policy will be unaffected by the form of finance raised.

Required:

a. For each of the financing options: i. Prepare a forecast profit or loss account for the forthcoming year. (5 Marks)
ii. Calculate the forecast earnings per share for the forthcoming year. (2 Marks)
iii. Calculate the projected level of gearing (D/(D+E)) at the end of the forthcoming year. (2 Marks)

b. Calculate the level of operating profit at which the earnings per share will be the same under each financing option. (3 Marks)

c. Evaluate each of the financing options from the viewpoint of an existing shareholder. (2 Marks)

d. Discuss the factors that will influence a company to finance through debt or equity, and whether to opt for long-term or short-term debt. (6 Marks)

(Total: 20 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "FM – May 2024 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Financial Planning and Forecasting"

PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Budgeting and Budgetary Control

Outline key stages in linking long-term objectives to budgetary control, and explain different budgeting types and forecasting methods.

You are the management accountant of a large manufacturing company in Kaduna. A management retreat has been planned for next week to set the agenda for the preparation for next year’s budget.

Required:

a. Outline the key stages in the planning process that link long-term objectives and budgetary control. (8 Marks)

b. Explain the meaning of the terms ‘fixed budget’, ‘rolling budget’, and ‘zero-based budget’, and discuss the circumstances under which each budget might be used. (8 Marks)

c. Discuss whether time series analysis may be preferred to linear regression as a way of forecasting sales volume. (4 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Budgeting and Budgetary Control"

MI – Nov 2020 – L1 – SB – Q1 – Budgeting

Prepare the cash budget for the first three months of the year based on provided sales, expenses, and additional company details.

WXYZ is preparing for the first half of the next year. The following information was available:

a. Sales – 15% of monthly sales are in cash, while the balance is sold on credit. Collections from receivables are 50% in the first month after sales, 30% in the second month, and the balance in the third month after sales.
b. Purchases are usually 55% of sales and paid in the month of purchase.
c. Insurance company is expected to pay the sum of N525,000 in February based on the company’s accidented vehicles.
d. Salary deductions are paid on a preceding-month basis.
e. Company income tax of N475,550 will be paid in March.
f. Cash and cash equivalent balance as at December is N502,760.
g. Bank charges are 1% of total payments for the month.
h. Additional Information:

Month October (N) November (N) December (N) January (N) February (N) March (N)
Sales 750,000 600,000 850,000 520,000 670,000 800,000
Net Salaries 230,000 200,000 250,000 210,000 240,000 270,000
Other Expenses 200,700 187,500 197,500 177,200 187,500 192,700
Salaries Deductions 29,400 28,400 39,400 28,700 32,750 27,650

Required:
Prepare the cash budget for the first three months of the year. (Total 20 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "MI – Nov 2020 – L1 – SB – Q1 – Budgeting"

PM – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q4 – Cost Management Strategies

Calculate the learning curve rate, forecast shut-down costs for year 2 and 3, and discuss potential errors in the forecast.

Akoko plc. has recently developed a new product called “EKO” which has been in production for the past year. The plant producing “EKO” shuts down for routine inspection and maintenance every three months, and during the first year’s operation, the costs of shut-down have been as follows:

Quarter Shut-Down Cost (₦)
I 36,000
2 28,800
3 27,000
4 25,200

The management accountant attempts to forecast maintenance costs for the coming year. On examining the data, it appears that these costs have steadily decreased, which may be due to maintenance engineers becoming more efficient or the plant settling down after initial operational issues. The learning curve might explain this trend.

Required:
a. Explain the concept of a learning curve. (4 Marks)
b. Estimate the rate of learning inherent in the data and explain its meaning. (4 Marks)
c. Using the learning rate determined, forecast the total cost of shut-down for routine maintenance during the coming year. (5 Marks)
d. Assume learning ceases at the end of the second year; forecast the total cost of shut-down for routine maintenance during the third year. (4 Marks)
e. State TWO specific reasons why this forecast may be inaccurate. (3 Marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "PM – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q4 – Cost Management Strategies"

QTB – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q14 – Statistics

This question involves identifying the estimable components of a time series.

The TWO components of a Time Series which are usually estimable are:
A. Trend and Cyclic variation
B. Seasonal variation and Trend
C. Random movements and Trend
D. Seasonal variation and Random movements
E. Cyclic variation and Seasonal variation

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q14 – Statistics"

QTB – Nov 2014 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Forecasting

Identifies the method that is not considered a quantitative forecasting technique.

The following are quantitative techniques of forecasting in business analysis EXCEPT:
A. Regression analysis
B. Delphi method
C. Moving average
D. Exponential smoothing
E. Time series analysis

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – Nov 2014 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Forecasting"

QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q6b – Operations Research

This question involves calculating seasonal adjustments based on moving average analysis for sales data.

i. The following moving average analysis is obtained for the quarterly sales of a bakery based on the additive model:

Quarter Trend Actual Sales in the Quarter Variation (Actual – Trend)
Year 1: Q3 29.375 29 -0.375
Year 1: Q4 33.125 33 -0.125
Year 2: Q1 37.125 37 -0.125
Year 2: Q2 41.250 41 -0.250
Year 2: Q3 45.000 46 1.000
Year 2: Q4 47.875 48 0.125
Year 3: Q1 53.000 51 -2.000
Year 3: Q2 57.125 58 0.875

Required:
Calculate the seasonal adjustment for each quarter.
(6 marks)

ii. An electrical bulb-making company runs a production line that contains 760 bulbs of the same wattage. These bulbs fail on a regular basis according to the following probability distribution:

Life (months) Probability of Failure (P)
1 0.27
2 0.56
3 0.17

Required:
If the cost of replacing a bulb is N60, determine the following:

  • The life span (2 marks)
  • The average number of replacements in the period (1 mark)
  • The average monthly cost of replacing the bulbs. (1 mark)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q6b – Operations Research"

QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Statistics

This question involves using the least squares method to fit a trend line for annual expenditures and make future forecasts.

The annual expenditures (N’000) of a family from 2000 to 2009 were as follows:

Year Expenditure (N’000)
2000 600
2001 610
2002 580
2003 590
2004 480
2005 560
2006 550
2007 620
2008 490
2009 530

Required:
a. Setting year 2000 as , fit the least squares line for the annual expenditures.
(15 marks)

b. Forecast what the expenditure will be in the years:
i. 2012 (2½ marks)
ii. 2016 (2½ marks)

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Statistics"

QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SA – Q17 – Statistics

Calculating the trend stock for a future month based on historical stock figures.

A company takes stock for 5 months in each year. The stock figures of materials for the most recent three years are as tabulated below:

Determine the trend stock for month 6.

A. 84

B. 85

C. 86

D. 87

E. 88

Login or create a free account to see answers

Find Related Questions by Tags, levels, etc.

Report an error

You're reporting an error for "QTB – May 2016 – L1 – SA – Q17 – Statistics"

NBC Institute

Hello! How can I help you today?
Oops!

This feature is only available in selected plans.

Click on the login button below to login if you’re already subscribed to a plan or click on the upgrade button below to upgrade your current plan.

If you’re not subscribed to a plan, click on the button below to choose a plan