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  • 8 Marks

CR – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Financial Instruments (IFRS 9, IAS 32, IAS 39)

Discuss IFRS 9 rules on derecognition of financial assets, apply these rules to factoring, and analyze ethical implications of falsifying a land sale.

The directors of Omi PLC reviewed the group statement of financial position as of November 30, 2020. Concerned about meeting future loan agreements, they proposed the following actions to improve liquidity:

  1. Factoring of Receivables:
    • Factoring N400 million of receivables.
    • 80% cash is received immediately (N320 million), and the factoring company charges N32 million.
    • The balance will be paid 30 days later.
  2. Adjusting Financial Statements:
    • The executive director suggested falsifying financial statements to show that land located in Ikoyi was sold before year-end to improve liquidity.

Required:

  • Discuss the rules of IFRS 9 – Financial Instrument on derecognition of financial assets.
  • Apply these rules to factoring in part (1).
  • Discuss the ethical implications of falsifying the sale of land in part (2).

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  • 14 Marks

CR – May 2018 – L3 – SB – Q4b – Presentation of Financial Statements (IAS 1)

Discuss accounting issues and treatments for factoring and sale-leaseback transactions, applying the substance over form principle.

Waasimi entered into the following transactions during the year ended March 31, 2018:

In March 2018, Waasimi factored some of its trade receivables to Asejere, a finance house. Based on selected account balances, Asejere paid Waasimi 80% of its book value. The agreement was that Asejere would administer the collection of the receivables and remit a residual amount to Waasimi depending upon how quickly individual customers paid. Any balance not collected by Asejere after six months will be refunded to Asejere by Waasimi.

On April 1, 2017, Waasimi’s freehold building had a carrying amount of N15 million and an estimated remaining useful life of 20 years. On this date, Waasimi sold the building to Gbajumose for a price of N24 million and entered into an agreement with Gbajumose to lease back the building for an annual rental of N2.6 million for a period of five years.

The auditors of Waasimi have commented that in their opinion the building had a market value of N20 million at the date of its sale and to rent an equivalent building under similar terms to the agreement between Waasimi and Gbajumose would cost N1,600,000 per annum. Assume finance cost of 10% per annum.

Required:

i. Briefly explain the major accounting issues involved in the above transactions using the principles of substance over form. (5 Marks)

ii. State the appropriate accounting treatments of the various elements identified. (6 Marks)

iii. State the classes of charges to be incurred and their appropriate accounting treatments. (3 Marks)

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q7b – Sources of Finance

Analyze the net benefit of the proposed factoring arrangement for COM.

The management of COM is seeking advice from the finance team on whether or not to accept the proposed trade receivable factoring arrangement. The management is interested in knowing whether the factoring arrangement will benefit the company in totality.

 

Required:
You are the Financial Controller, and the CFO has assigned you the responsibility to determine the net benefit of the factoring financing arrangement. Prepare a brief presentation on the net benefit of the proposed factoring arrangement to be submitted to the CFO.

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  • 5 Marks

CR – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q3b – Financial instruments: Recognition and measurement Corporate reporting

Advise Ajara Ltd on the accounting treatment of receivables factoring arrangements, both with and without recourse, under IFRS 9.

Ajara Ltd has two receivables that it has factored to a factoring agency, the GBB Bank, in return for immediate cash proceeds of less than the face value of the invoices for the year ended 31 December 2020. Both receivables are due from long-standing customers who are expected to pay in full and on time. In addition, Ajara Ltd has agreed to a three-month credit period with both customers.

  • The first receivable is for GH¢400,000, and in return for assigning the receivable, Ajara Ltd has just received from the factor GH¢360,000. Under the terms of the factoring arrangement, this is the only money that Ajara Ltd will receive regardless of when or even if the customer settles the debt; that is, the factoring arrangement is said to be “without recourse.”
  • The second receivable is for GH¢200,000, and in return for assigning the receivable, Ajara Ltd has just received GH¢140,000. Under the terms of this factoring arrangement, if the customer settles the account on time, then a further GH¢10,000 will be paid by the factoring agency, the GBB Bank to Ajara Ltd, but if the customer does not settle the account in accordance with the agreed terms, then the receivable will be reassigned back to Ajara Ltd who will then be obliged to refund to the factor the original GH¢140,000 plus a further GH¢20,000. This factoring arrangement is said to be “with recourse.”

Required:

Advise the directors of Ajara Ltd on the proper accounting treatment of the monies received under the terms of the two factoring arrangements in the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2020 in accordance with IFRS 9: Financial Instruments.

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  • 14 Marks

FM – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q5a – Management of receivables and payables

Compare the costs of factoring vs. bank financing for receivables management and advise on the best option.

Pee Ltd has been factoring its debtors for the past 5 years. The factor charges a fee of 2% and will lend up to 80% of the volume of debtors purchases for an additional ¾% per month. The firm typically has sales of GH¢500,000 per month, 70% of which are on credit. By using the factor, two savings are effected:

  • GH¢2,000 per month that would be required to support a credit department, and
  • A bad-debt expense of 1% on credit sales.

Pee Ltd’s bank has recently offered to lend it up to 80% of the face value of the debtors shown on the schedule of accounts. The bank would charge 8% per annum interest plus a 2% processing charge per GH¢1 of debtors lending. The firm extends terms of net 30, and all customers who pay their bills do so by the thirtieth of the month.

Required:

If the firm borrows on the average GH¢100,000 per month on its debtors, advise whether the firm should discontinue its factoring arrangement in favor of the bank’s offer.

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  • 15 Marks

FM – MAY 2017 – L1 – Q4 – Management of receivables and payables | Working Capital Management

Differentiate between factoring and invoice discounting and advise ATA Ghana Ltd on whether to take on new customers based on the proposed credit policy.

a) Factoring and Invoice Discounting are both financial services that can release the funds tied up in your unpaid invoices, involving a provider who agrees to advance money against outstanding debtor balances. However, factoring is not the same as invoice discounting.

Required:
Differentiate between factoring and invoice discounting.
(5 marks)

b) ATA Ghana Ltd is a company in Ghana engaged in the trading of commodities. The annual sales are GH¢24 million. The average age of debtors is one month, and the percentage of bad debts is 1%.

A new Marketing Director has been hired by the company to improve its sales. The new Marketing Director proposed that sales could be increased up to GH¢30 million if new customers were taken on. Taking on new customers will lengthen the average credit period to 2 months and increase bad debts to 1.5% of sales.

The Finance Manager provided that the variable cost is 70% of the selling price and the company’s cost of capital is 20%.

Required:
Advise whether the company should take on the new customers.
(10 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – MAR 2024 – L2 – Q5 – Working Capital Management

Evaluates different financing options for working capital requirements and compares forward and futures currency contracts.

a) Edziban Foods Ltd has just signed a contract to sell food items worth GH¢120,000 per month to the School Feeding Secretariat on credit. With the average collection period expected to be 45 days, the company will increase its working capital requirement by GH¢177,534. The company’s managers are considering three options for financing the additional working capital requirement:

  • Option 1 – Trade credit: The company buys about GH¢72,000 of food items per month on terms of “2.5/20, net 60.” Going forward, the company may choose to forgo the discount.
  • Option 2 – Factoring: The company enters a non-recourse factoring contract, under which the factor takes up the receivables to be created from the credit sales under the contract (i.e., GH¢120,000 per month) for a fee of 2% of the credit sales. The average collection period for the credit sales will remain at 45 days. The factor will advance up to 80% of the face value of the average receivables at an annual interest rate of 16%. It has been estimated that the factor’s services will save the company GH¢1,500 per month in debt collection costs.
  • Option 3 – Bank loan: The company takes a loan of GH¢197,260 at 15% from its bankers. A 10% compensating balance will be required.

Required:

i) Recommend the best financing option to the managers of the company based on annualized percentage cost.
(11 marks)

ii) Distinguish between “without recourse” factoring agreement and “with recourse” factoring agreement.
(4 marks)

b) Explain THREE (3) differences between a forward currency contract and a futures currency contract.
(5 marks)

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  • 9 Marks

FM – MAY 2019 – L2 – Q4a – Management of receivables and payables

Analyze the impact of using a factor on annual profits for Lisa-Joys Company, considering savings on bad debts, administration costs, and interest.

Question:
Lisa-Joys Company has annual credit sales of GH¢1,000,000. Credit customers take 45 days to pay. Bad debts are 2% of sales. The company finances its trade receivables with a bank overdraft, on which interest is payable at an annual rate of 15%.

A factor has offered to take over administration of the receivables ledger and collections for a fee of 2.5% of the credit sales. This will be a non-recourse factoring service. It has also guaranteed to reduce the payment period to 30 days. It will provide finance for 80% of the trade receivables, at an interest cost of 8% per year.

Lisa-Joys Company estimates that by using the factor, it will save administration costs of GH¢8,000 per year.

Required:
What would be the effect on annual profits if Lisa-Joys Company decides to use the factor’s services? (Assume a 365-day year). (9 marks)

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  • 8 Marks

CR – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Financial Instruments (IFRS 9, IAS 32, IAS 39)

Discuss IFRS 9 rules on derecognition of financial assets, apply these rules to factoring, and analyze ethical implications of falsifying a land sale.

The directors of Omi PLC reviewed the group statement of financial position as of November 30, 2020. Concerned about meeting future loan agreements, they proposed the following actions to improve liquidity:

  1. Factoring of Receivables:
    • Factoring N400 million of receivables.
    • 80% cash is received immediately (N320 million), and the factoring company charges N32 million.
    • The balance will be paid 30 days later.
  2. Adjusting Financial Statements:
    • The executive director suggested falsifying financial statements to show that land located in Ikoyi was sold before year-end to improve liquidity.

Required:

  • Discuss the rules of IFRS 9 – Financial Instrument on derecognition of financial assets.
  • Apply these rules to factoring in part (1).
  • Discuss the ethical implications of falsifying the sale of land in part (2).

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  • 14 Marks

CR – May 2018 – L3 – SB – Q4b – Presentation of Financial Statements (IAS 1)

Discuss accounting issues and treatments for factoring and sale-leaseback transactions, applying the substance over form principle.

Waasimi entered into the following transactions during the year ended March 31, 2018:

In March 2018, Waasimi factored some of its trade receivables to Asejere, a finance house. Based on selected account balances, Asejere paid Waasimi 80% of its book value. The agreement was that Asejere would administer the collection of the receivables and remit a residual amount to Waasimi depending upon how quickly individual customers paid. Any balance not collected by Asejere after six months will be refunded to Asejere by Waasimi.

On April 1, 2017, Waasimi’s freehold building had a carrying amount of N15 million and an estimated remaining useful life of 20 years. On this date, Waasimi sold the building to Gbajumose for a price of N24 million and entered into an agreement with Gbajumose to lease back the building for an annual rental of N2.6 million for a period of five years.

The auditors of Waasimi have commented that in their opinion the building had a market value of N20 million at the date of its sale and to rent an equivalent building under similar terms to the agreement between Waasimi and Gbajumose would cost N1,600,000 per annum. Assume finance cost of 10% per annum.

Required:

i. Briefly explain the major accounting issues involved in the above transactions using the principles of substance over form. (5 Marks)

ii. State the appropriate accounting treatments of the various elements identified. (6 Marks)

iii. State the classes of charges to be incurred and their appropriate accounting treatments. (3 Marks)

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q7b – Sources of Finance

Analyze the net benefit of the proposed factoring arrangement for COM.

The management of COM is seeking advice from the finance team on whether or not to accept the proposed trade receivable factoring arrangement. The management is interested in knowing whether the factoring arrangement will benefit the company in totality.

 

Required:
You are the Financial Controller, and the CFO has assigned you the responsibility to determine the net benefit of the factoring financing arrangement. Prepare a brief presentation on the net benefit of the proposed factoring arrangement to be submitted to the CFO.

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  • 5 Marks

CR – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q3b – Financial instruments: Recognition and measurement Corporate reporting

Advise Ajara Ltd on the accounting treatment of receivables factoring arrangements, both with and without recourse, under IFRS 9.

Ajara Ltd has two receivables that it has factored to a factoring agency, the GBB Bank, in return for immediate cash proceeds of less than the face value of the invoices for the year ended 31 December 2020. Both receivables are due from long-standing customers who are expected to pay in full and on time. In addition, Ajara Ltd has agreed to a three-month credit period with both customers.

  • The first receivable is for GH¢400,000, and in return for assigning the receivable, Ajara Ltd has just received from the factor GH¢360,000. Under the terms of the factoring arrangement, this is the only money that Ajara Ltd will receive regardless of when or even if the customer settles the debt; that is, the factoring arrangement is said to be “without recourse.”
  • The second receivable is for GH¢200,000, and in return for assigning the receivable, Ajara Ltd has just received GH¢140,000. Under the terms of this factoring arrangement, if the customer settles the account on time, then a further GH¢10,000 will be paid by the factoring agency, the GBB Bank to Ajara Ltd, but if the customer does not settle the account in accordance with the agreed terms, then the receivable will be reassigned back to Ajara Ltd who will then be obliged to refund to the factor the original GH¢140,000 plus a further GH¢20,000. This factoring arrangement is said to be “with recourse.”

Required:

Advise the directors of Ajara Ltd on the proper accounting treatment of the monies received under the terms of the two factoring arrangements in the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2020 in accordance with IFRS 9: Financial Instruments.

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  • 14 Marks

FM – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q5a – Management of receivables and payables

Compare the costs of factoring vs. bank financing for receivables management and advise on the best option.

Pee Ltd has been factoring its debtors for the past 5 years. The factor charges a fee of 2% and will lend up to 80% of the volume of debtors purchases for an additional ¾% per month. The firm typically has sales of GH¢500,000 per month, 70% of which are on credit. By using the factor, two savings are effected:

  • GH¢2,000 per month that would be required to support a credit department, and
  • A bad-debt expense of 1% on credit sales.

Pee Ltd’s bank has recently offered to lend it up to 80% of the face value of the debtors shown on the schedule of accounts. The bank would charge 8% per annum interest plus a 2% processing charge per GH¢1 of debtors lending. The firm extends terms of net 30, and all customers who pay their bills do so by the thirtieth of the month.

Required:

If the firm borrows on the average GH¢100,000 per month on its debtors, advise whether the firm should discontinue its factoring arrangement in favor of the bank’s offer.

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  • 15 Marks

FM – MAY 2017 – L1 – Q4 – Management of receivables and payables | Working Capital Management

Differentiate between factoring and invoice discounting and advise ATA Ghana Ltd on whether to take on new customers based on the proposed credit policy.

a) Factoring and Invoice Discounting are both financial services that can release the funds tied up in your unpaid invoices, involving a provider who agrees to advance money against outstanding debtor balances. However, factoring is not the same as invoice discounting.

Required:
Differentiate between factoring and invoice discounting.
(5 marks)

b) ATA Ghana Ltd is a company in Ghana engaged in the trading of commodities. The annual sales are GH¢24 million. The average age of debtors is one month, and the percentage of bad debts is 1%.

A new Marketing Director has been hired by the company to improve its sales. The new Marketing Director proposed that sales could be increased up to GH¢30 million if new customers were taken on. Taking on new customers will lengthen the average credit period to 2 months and increase bad debts to 1.5% of sales.

The Finance Manager provided that the variable cost is 70% of the selling price and the company’s cost of capital is 20%.

Required:
Advise whether the company should take on the new customers.
(10 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – MAR 2024 – L2 – Q5 – Working Capital Management

Evaluates different financing options for working capital requirements and compares forward and futures currency contracts.

a) Edziban Foods Ltd has just signed a contract to sell food items worth GH¢120,000 per month to the School Feeding Secretariat on credit. With the average collection period expected to be 45 days, the company will increase its working capital requirement by GH¢177,534. The company’s managers are considering three options for financing the additional working capital requirement:

  • Option 1 – Trade credit: The company buys about GH¢72,000 of food items per month on terms of “2.5/20, net 60.” Going forward, the company may choose to forgo the discount.
  • Option 2 – Factoring: The company enters a non-recourse factoring contract, under which the factor takes up the receivables to be created from the credit sales under the contract (i.e., GH¢120,000 per month) for a fee of 2% of the credit sales. The average collection period for the credit sales will remain at 45 days. The factor will advance up to 80% of the face value of the average receivables at an annual interest rate of 16%. It has been estimated that the factor’s services will save the company GH¢1,500 per month in debt collection costs.
  • Option 3 – Bank loan: The company takes a loan of GH¢197,260 at 15% from its bankers. A 10% compensating balance will be required.

Required:

i) Recommend the best financing option to the managers of the company based on annualized percentage cost.
(11 marks)

ii) Distinguish between “without recourse” factoring agreement and “with recourse” factoring agreement.
(4 marks)

b) Explain THREE (3) differences between a forward currency contract and a futures currency contract.
(5 marks)

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  • 9 Marks

FM – MAY 2019 – L2 – Q4a – Management of receivables and payables

Analyze the impact of using a factor on annual profits for Lisa-Joys Company, considering savings on bad debts, administration costs, and interest.

Question:
Lisa-Joys Company has annual credit sales of GH¢1,000,000. Credit customers take 45 days to pay. Bad debts are 2% of sales. The company finances its trade receivables with a bank overdraft, on which interest is payable at an annual rate of 15%.

A factor has offered to take over administration of the receivables ledger and collections for a fee of 2.5% of the credit sales. This will be a non-recourse factoring service. It has also guaranteed to reduce the payment period to 30 days. It will provide finance for 80% of the trade receivables, at an interest cost of 8% per year.

Lisa-Joys Company estimates that by using the factor, it will save administration costs of GH¢8,000 per year.

Required:
What would be the effect on annual profits if Lisa-Joys Company decides to use the factor’s services? (Assume a 365-day year). (9 marks)

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