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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Calculate gearing ratio, rights issue impacts, and shareholder implications.

LL Plc. is a large engineering company. Its ordinary shares are quoted on the Stock Exchange.

LL Plc.’s Board is concerned that the company’s gearing level is too high and that this is having a detrimental impact on its market capitalisation. As a result, the Board is considering a restructuring of LL Plc.’s long-term funds, details of which are shown here as at 28 February, 2017:

Funding Source Total Par Value (₦m) Market Value
Ordinary Share Capital (50k) 67.5 ₦2.65/share ex-div
7% Preference Share Capital (₦1) 60.0 ₦1.44/share ex-div
4% Redeemable Debentures (₦100) 45.0 90% ex-int

The debentures are redeemable in 2022. LL Plc.’s earnings for the year to 28 February, 2017 were ₦32.4 million and are expected to remain at this level for the foreseeable future. Retained earnings, as at 28 February, 2017 were ₦73.2 million.

The Board is considering a 1 for 9 rights issue of ordinary shares, and this additional funding would be used to redeem 60% of LL Plc.’s redeemable debentures at par. However, some of LL Plc.’s directors are concerned that this issue of extra ordinary shares will cause the company’s ordinary share price and its earnings per share (EPS) to fall by an excessive amount, to the detriment of LL Plc.’s shareholders. Accordingly, they are arguing that the rights issue should be designed so that the EPS is not diluted by more than 5%.

The Directors wish to assume that the income tax rate will be 21% for the foreseeable future and the tax will be payable in the same year as the cash flows to which it relates.

Required:
a. i. Calculate LL Plc.’s gearing ratio using both book and market values. (5 Marks)

ii. Discuss, with reference to relevant theories, why LL Plc.’s Board might have concerns over the level of gearing and its impact on LL Plc.’s market capitalisation. (6 Marks)

b. Assuming that a 1 for 9 rights issue goes ahead, calculate the theoretical ex-rights price of LL Plc.’s ordinary share and the value of a right. (3 Marks)

c. Discuss the Directors’ view that the rights issue will cause the share price and the EPS to fall by an excessive amount, to the detriment of LL Plc.’s ordinary shareholders. Your discussion should be supported by relevant calculations. (6 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2019 – L3 – Q2 – Strategic Performance Measurement

Calculate and analyze PH Plc.’s financial performance using EPS, dividend yield, dividend cover, and P/E ratio metrics.

The following financial information is available for PH Plc:

Year 2014 2015 2016 2017
Earnings attributed to ordinary shareholders (₦m) 200 225 205 230
Number of ordinary shares (millions) 2,000 2,100 2,100 1,900
Price per share (kobo) 220 305 290 260
Dividend per share (kobo) 5 7 8 8

Assume that share prices are as at the last day of each year.

Required:

a. Calculate PH Plc.’s earnings per share, dividend yield, dividend cover, and price/earnings ratio. Explain the meaning of each term and state their limitations. (14 Marks)
b. Explain why the changes that occurred in the figures calculated in (a) above over the past four years might have happened. (6 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q2a – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Explanation of the significance and shortcomings of Earnings Per Share (EPS) for Soar Plc’s management.

The objective of IAS 33 – Earnings Per Share is to improve the comparability of the performance of different entities in the same period and of the same entity in different accounting periods. This is done by prescribing the methods for determining the numbers of shares to be included in the calculation of earnings per share. The management of Soar Plc has sought your professional advice on the application of IAS 33.

Required: Advise the management of Soar Plc on the following:

i. Significance of Earnings Per Share (EPS). (5 marks)
ii. Shortcomings of Earnings Per Share (EPS). (5 marks)

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  • 8 Marks

CR – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q2a – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Define earnings quality, explain its assessment, and list factors impacting it.

a. Past surveys revealed that one of the most important financial indicators in evaluating ordinary shares is the expected changes in earnings per share (EPS). Corporate earnings are a key component of these financial indicators, and, as far as investors are concerned, the quality of earnings is important in measuring a company’s prospects. The quality of earnings can be affected by several factors, which are at the discretion of management. A simple or complex capital structure also plays a vital role in the assessment of earnings quality and EPS.

Required:

i. What does “quality of earnings” connote, and how can it be assessed?
(5 Marks)

ii. What are the factors that can affect the quality of earnings of an organisation?
(3 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2020 – L3 – Q5 – Financial Strategy Formulation

Examines financial proposals affecting Yinko plc's capital structure, including debt-financed share buyback, asset expansion, and asset sale with debt reduction.

  • Yinko plc operates in the hospitality and leisure industry. The board of directors met recently to discuss several financial proposals:
    • Proposal 1: Increase the company’s debt by borrowing an additional N100 million and use the funds raised to buy back its shares.
    • Proposal 2: Increase the company’s debt by borrowing an additional N100 million to invest in expanding available rooms in one of its hotels.
    • Proposal 3: Sell excess non-current assets in another hotel with a net book value of ₦100 million for N135 million. The funds from the sale will be used to reduce the company’s debt.

    Yinko plc Financial Information:

    Amount (N Million)
    Non-current assets 1,410
    Current assets 330
    Total assets 1,740
    Equity and liabilities
    Share capital (40 kobo per share par value) 240
    Retained earnings 615
    Total equity 855
    Non-current liabilities 700
    Current liabilities 185
    Total liabilities 885
    Total liabilities and capital 1,740

    Additional Information:

    • Yinko’s forecasted after-tax profit for the coming year, without implementing the proposals, is N130 million.
    • Current share price: N3.20 per share.
    • Non-current liabilities include a 6% medium-term loan redeemable in seven years. Any increase in borrowing raises the coupon rate by 25 basis points on the total amount borrowed, while a reduction lowers it by 15 basis points.
    • Effective tax rate: 20%
    • Expected after-tax return on investment: 15% for new or reduced investments.

    Required:

    a. Estimate the impact of each proposal on the forecast statement of financial position, earnings per share, and financial gearing (Total Debt/Total Assets) of Yinko Plc. Show all calculations. (16 Marks)

    b. Discuss your results. (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Nov 2020 – L3 – Q2 – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Calculate EPS under various scenarios for Goodwin plc and explain EPS use in investment decisions, including examples of potential ordinary shares.

Goodwin plc
Statement of profit or loss extract for the year ended December 31, 2019

As at January 1, 2019, the issued share capital of Goodwin plc was as follows:

  • 23,000 6% preference shares of N1 each
  • 20,700 ordinary shares of N1 each

Required: Calculate the basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2019 under the following circumstances:

a. Where there is no change in the issued share capital. (5 Marks)

b. The company made a bonus issue of one ordinary share for every four shares in issue at September 30, 2019. (3 Marks)

c. The company made a rights issue of shares on October 1, 2019 in the proportion of 1 for every 5 shares held at a price of N1.20. The middle market price for the shares on the last day of quotation cum rights was N1.80 per share. (8 Marks)

d. Briefly discuss how investors use the EPS ratio in investment decisions and give TWO examples of potential ordinary shares under IAS 33. (4 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Corporate Governance and Financial Strategy

Analyze the Chairman's proposals to improve EPS and discuss methods to align stakeholder objectives.

The Chairman of Opeyemi plc, a company listed on the Alternative Investment Market, has circulated a memorandum to the company’s directors and senior managers which contains the following statements:

“Looking to the year ahead, there are a number of measures which I propose to increase the company’s earnings per share (EPS).

Payments to trade creditors should be made as late as possible, even if this means extending our credit beyond the terms allowed by our suppliers. The company currently runs a substantial overdraft, and this measure will cut the level of bank interest and charges.

Relatively high capital expenditure in recent years has resulted in substantial depreciation charges in the profit or loss account. All capital spending, including that on the Oloro II project – designed to reduce toxic emissions from the manufacturing plant – should be postponed except where such spending can be shown to be essential to current operations.

Staff pay should be frozen at this year’s level for the forthcoming year. The company’s sponsorship of the local charity events run by the Staff Social Club should also, regrettably, be ended.

By boosting profits and therefore EPS, these measures will help us to achieve the highest possible stock market capitalisation.”

Required:

a. Prepare a response to the Chairman’s proposals which examines the possible consequences of the proposals for the price of the company’s shares and for the company’s stakeholders. (9 Marks)

b. Discuss FOUR ways that encourage managers to achieve stakeholder objectives. (6 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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  • 2 Marks

FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q6c – Limitations of EPS

Identify three limitations of EPS as an indicator of performance.

EPS is probably the single most important indicator of an entity’s performance.
Required:
State THREE of the limitations of EPS.

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  • 20 Marks

FR – May 2017 – L2 – SB – Q4 – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Explain EPS and PE ratio, and calculate EPS and DPS for Almond Nigeria Limited, also discussing EPS limitations.

a. Explain the following, stating their importance to investors in evaluating financial performance:
i. Earnings per share (EPS)
ii. Price earnings ratio (PE ratio)
(6 Marks)

b. The issued and fully paid share capital of Almond Nigeria Limited, which has remained unchanged since the date of incorporation until the financial year ended March 31, 2015, includes the following:

  • 2,400,000,000 ordinary shares
  • 600,000,000 6% participating preference shares of N1 each

The company has been operating at a profit for a number of years. As a result of a very conservative dividend policy in previous years, there is a large accumulated profit balance on the statement of financial position.

On July 1, 2015, the directors decided to issue two bonus shares to all ordinary shareholders for every one previously held.

The following is an extract of the group statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended March 31, 2016:

Almond Nigeria Limited
Extract of Group Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the Year Ended March 31, 2016

2016 2015
Profit for the year N740,000 N540,000
Other comprehensive income – (20,000)
Total comprehensive income N740,000 N520,000
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
Owners of parent N680,000 N480,000
Non-controlling interest N60,000 N40,000
Total comprehensive income N740,000 N520,000

The following dividends have been paid or declared at the end of the period:

Dividend Type 2016 2015
Ordinary N330,000 N240,000
Preference N69,000 N60,000

Note: The participating preference shareholders are entitled to share profits in the same ratio in which they share dividends after payment of fixed preference dividends. They will also share the same benefit as ordinary shareholders if the company is liquidated.

Required:

  1. Calculate the earnings per share (EPS) in accordance with IAS 33 and the dividend per share (DPS) for the years ended March 31, 2015, and 2016. (10 Marks)
  2. Discuss the limitations of earnings per share (EPS) as a measure of a company’s performance. (4 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

SCS – MAR 2024 – L3 – Q5a – Financial management

Calculate various financial ratios including ROCE, EPS, DPS, and TSR based on given financial data.

With reference to the information in Option One available to Prestige as presented by Professor Joseph Laing, a business consultant, calculate the following:

i) Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) (1 mark)
ii) Earnings Per Share (EPS) (1 mark)
iii) Dividend Per Share (DPS) (2 marks)
iv) Total Shareholders Return (TSR) (2 marks)
v) Explain the difference between ROCE and Accounting Rate of Return, their essential features, and relationship (4 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Calculate gearing ratio, rights issue impacts, and shareholder implications.

LL Plc. is a large engineering company. Its ordinary shares are quoted on the Stock Exchange.

LL Plc.’s Board is concerned that the company’s gearing level is too high and that this is having a detrimental impact on its market capitalisation. As a result, the Board is considering a restructuring of LL Plc.’s long-term funds, details of which are shown here as at 28 February, 2017:

Funding Source Total Par Value (₦m) Market Value
Ordinary Share Capital (50k) 67.5 ₦2.65/share ex-div
7% Preference Share Capital (₦1) 60.0 ₦1.44/share ex-div
4% Redeemable Debentures (₦100) 45.0 90% ex-int

The debentures are redeemable in 2022. LL Plc.’s earnings for the year to 28 February, 2017 were ₦32.4 million and are expected to remain at this level for the foreseeable future. Retained earnings, as at 28 February, 2017 were ₦73.2 million.

The Board is considering a 1 for 9 rights issue of ordinary shares, and this additional funding would be used to redeem 60% of LL Plc.’s redeemable debentures at par. However, some of LL Plc.’s directors are concerned that this issue of extra ordinary shares will cause the company’s ordinary share price and its earnings per share (EPS) to fall by an excessive amount, to the detriment of LL Plc.’s shareholders. Accordingly, they are arguing that the rights issue should be designed so that the EPS is not diluted by more than 5%.

The Directors wish to assume that the income tax rate will be 21% for the foreseeable future and the tax will be payable in the same year as the cash flows to which it relates.

Required:
a. i. Calculate LL Plc.’s gearing ratio using both book and market values. (5 Marks)

ii. Discuss, with reference to relevant theories, why LL Plc.’s Board might have concerns over the level of gearing and its impact on LL Plc.’s market capitalisation. (6 Marks)

b. Assuming that a 1 for 9 rights issue goes ahead, calculate the theoretical ex-rights price of LL Plc.’s ordinary share and the value of a right. (3 Marks)

c. Discuss the Directors’ view that the rights issue will cause the share price and the EPS to fall by an excessive amount, to the detriment of LL Plc.’s ordinary shareholders. Your discussion should be supported by relevant calculations. (6 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2019 – L3 – Q2 – Strategic Performance Measurement

Calculate and analyze PH Plc.’s financial performance using EPS, dividend yield, dividend cover, and P/E ratio metrics.

The following financial information is available for PH Plc:

Year 2014 2015 2016 2017
Earnings attributed to ordinary shareholders (₦m) 200 225 205 230
Number of ordinary shares (millions) 2,000 2,100 2,100 1,900
Price per share (kobo) 220 305 290 260
Dividend per share (kobo) 5 7 8 8

Assume that share prices are as at the last day of each year.

Required:

a. Calculate PH Plc.’s earnings per share, dividend yield, dividend cover, and price/earnings ratio. Explain the meaning of each term and state their limitations. (14 Marks)
b. Explain why the changes that occurred in the figures calculated in (a) above over the past four years might have happened. (6 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q2a – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Explanation of the significance and shortcomings of Earnings Per Share (EPS) for Soar Plc’s management.

The objective of IAS 33 – Earnings Per Share is to improve the comparability of the performance of different entities in the same period and of the same entity in different accounting periods. This is done by prescribing the methods for determining the numbers of shares to be included in the calculation of earnings per share. The management of Soar Plc has sought your professional advice on the application of IAS 33.

Required: Advise the management of Soar Plc on the following:

i. Significance of Earnings Per Share (EPS). (5 marks)
ii. Shortcomings of Earnings Per Share (EPS). (5 marks)

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  • 8 Marks

CR – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q2a – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Define earnings quality, explain its assessment, and list factors impacting it.

a. Past surveys revealed that one of the most important financial indicators in evaluating ordinary shares is the expected changes in earnings per share (EPS). Corporate earnings are a key component of these financial indicators, and, as far as investors are concerned, the quality of earnings is important in measuring a company’s prospects. The quality of earnings can be affected by several factors, which are at the discretion of management. A simple or complex capital structure also plays a vital role in the assessment of earnings quality and EPS.

Required:

i. What does “quality of earnings” connote, and how can it be assessed?
(5 Marks)

ii. What are the factors that can affect the quality of earnings of an organisation?
(3 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2020 – L3 – Q5 – Financial Strategy Formulation

Examines financial proposals affecting Yinko plc's capital structure, including debt-financed share buyback, asset expansion, and asset sale with debt reduction.

  • Yinko plc operates in the hospitality and leisure industry. The board of directors met recently to discuss several financial proposals:
    • Proposal 1: Increase the company’s debt by borrowing an additional N100 million and use the funds raised to buy back its shares.
    • Proposal 2: Increase the company’s debt by borrowing an additional N100 million to invest in expanding available rooms in one of its hotels.
    • Proposal 3: Sell excess non-current assets in another hotel with a net book value of ₦100 million for N135 million. The funds from the sale will be used to reduce the company’s debt.

    Yinko plc Financial Information:

    Amount (N Million)
    Non-current assets 1,410
    Current assets 330
    Total assets 1,740
    Equity and liabilities
    Share capital (40 kobo per share par value) 240
    Retained earnings 615
    Total equity 855
    Non-current liabilities 700
    Current liabilities 185
    Total liabilities 885
    Total liabilities and capital 1,740

    Additional Information:

    • Yinko’s forecasted after-tax profit for the coming year, without implementing the proposals, is N130 million.
    • Current share price: N3.20 per share.
    • Non-current liabilities include a 6% medium-term loan redeemable in seven years. Any increase in borrowing raises the coupon rate by 25 basis points on the total amount borrowed, while a reduction lowers it by 15 basis points.
    • Effective tax rate: 20%
    • Expected after-tax return on investment: 15% for new or reduced investments.

    Required:

    a. Estimate the impact of each proposal on the forecast statement of financial position, earnings per share, and financial gearing (Total Debt/Total Assets) of Yinko Plc. Show all calculations. (16 Marks)

    b. Discuss your results. (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Nov 2020 – L3 – Q2 – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Calculate EPS under various scenarios for Goodwin plc and explain EPS use in investment decisions, including examples of potential ordinary shares.

Goodwin plc
Statement of profit or loss extract for the year ended December 31, 2019

As at January 1, 2019, the issued share capital of Goodwin plc was as follows:

  • 23,000 6% preference shares of N1 each
  • 20,700 ordinary shares of N1 each

Required: Calculate the basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2019 under the following circumstances:

a. Where there is no change in the issued share capital. (5 Marks)

b. The company made a bonus issue of one ordinary share for every four shares in issue at September 30, 2019. (3 Marks)

c. The company made a rights issue of shares on October 1, 2019 in the proportion of 1 for every 5 shares held at a price of N1.20. The middle market price for the shares on the last day of quotation cum rights was N1.80 per share. (8 Marks)

d. Briefly discuss how investors use the EPS ratio in investment decisions and give TWO examples of potential ordinary shares under IAS 33. (4 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Corporate Governance and Financial Strategy

Analyze the Chairman's proposals to improve EPS and discuss methods to align stakeholder objectives.

The Chairman of Opeyemi plc, a company listed on the Alternative Investment Market, has circulated a memorandum to the company’s directors and senior managers which contains the following statements:

“Looking to the year ahead, there are a number of measures which I propose to increase the company’s earnings per share (EPS).

Payments to trade creditors should be made as late as possible, even if this means extending our credit beyond the terms allowed by our suppliers. The company currently runs a substantial overdraft, and this measure will cut the level of bank interest and charges.

Relatively high capital expenditure in recent years has resulted in substantial depreciation charges in the profit or loss account. All capital spending, including that on the Oloro II project – designed to reduce toxic emissions from the manufacturing plant – should be postponed except where such spending can be shown to be essential to current operations.

Staff pay should be frozen at this year’s level for the forthcoming year. The company’s sponsorship of the local charity events run by the Staff Social Club should also, regrettably, be ended.

By boosting profits and therefore EPS, these measures will help us to achieve the highest possible stock market capitalisation.”

Required:

a. Prepare a response to the Chairman’s proposals which examines the possible consequences of the proposals for the price of the company’s shares and for the company’s stakeholders. (9 Marks)

b. Discuss FOUR ways that encourage managers to achieve stakeholder objectives. (6 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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  • 2 Marks

FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q6c – Limitations of EPS

Identify three limitations of EPS as an indicator of performance.

EPS is probably the single most important indicator of an entity’s performance.
Required:
State THREE of the limitations of EPS.

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  • 20 Marks

FR – May 2017 – L2 – SB – Q4 – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Explain EPS and PE ratio, and calculate EPS and DPS for Almond Nigeria Limited, also discussing EPS limitations.

a. Explain the following, stating their importance to investors in evaluating financial performance:
i. Earnings per share (EPS)
ii. Price earnings ratio (PE ratio)
(6 Marks)

b. The issued and fully paid share capital of Almond Nigeria Limited, which has remained unchanged since the date of incorporation until the financial year ended March 31, 2015, includes the following:

  • 2,400,000,000 ordinary shares
  • 600,000,000 6% participating preference shares of N1 each

The company has been operating at a profit for a number of years. As a result of a very conservative dividend policy in previous years, there is a large accumulated profit balance on the statement of financial position.

On July 1, 2015, the directors decided to issue two bonus shares to all ordinary shareholders for every one previously held.

The following is an extract of the group statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended March 31, 2016:

Almond Nigeria Limited
Extract of Group Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the Year Ended March 31, 2016

2016 2015
Profit for the year N740,000 N540,000
Other comprehensive income – (20,000)
Total comprehensive income N740,000 N520,000
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
Owners of parent N680,000 N480,000
Non-controlling interest N60,000 N40,000
Total comprehensive income N740,000 N520,000

The following dividends have been paid or declared at the end of the period:

Dividend Type 2016 2015
Ordinary N330,000 N240,000
Preference N69,000 N60,000

Note: The participating preference shareholders are entitled to share profits in the same ratio in which they share dividends after payment of fixed preference dividends. They will also share the same benefit as ordinary shareholders if the company is liquidated.

Required:

  1. Calculate the earnings per share (EPS) in accordance with IAS 33 and the dividend per share (DPS) for the years ended March 31, 2015, and 2016. (10 Marks)
  2. Discuss the limitations of earnings per share (EPS) as a measure of a company’s performance. (4 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

SCS – MAR 2024 – L3 – Q5a – Financial management

Calculate various financial ratios including ROCE, EPS, DPS, and TSR based on given financial data.

With reference to the information in Option One available to Prestige as presented by Professor Joseph Laing, a business consultant, calculate the following:

i) Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) (1 mark)
ii) Earnings Per Share (EPS) (1 mark)
iii) Dividend Per Share (DPS) (2 marks)
iv) Total Shareholders Return (TSR) (2 marks)
v) Explain the difference between ROCE and Accounting Rate of Return, their essential features, and relationship (4 marks)

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