Question Tag: Double Taxation

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  • 15 Marks

AT – Nov 2016 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Tax Planning and Management

Explain tax planning and anti-avoidance legislation, summarize tax evasion and double taxation provisions, and highlight non-tax investment factors.

You were invited as the Chairman of a Tax Summit at Ikeja, Lagos State. The topics for discussion were as follows:

i. Tax Planning, an Effective Method of Tax Avoidance
ii. Tax Evasion in a Growing Economy
iii. Double Taxation – The Provisions and the Impact
iv. Jurisdiction for Investment – Non-Tax Factors

As the Chairman, you had the opportunity to summarize the papers presented by the four paper presenters in just ten minutes.

You are required to:

a. Explain briefly, Tax Planning and Anti-Avoidance Legislations put in place by the Government (3 Marks).

b. Summarize situations that may involve Tax Evasion (4 Marks).

c. Explain Double Taxation Agreement – Provisions and the Main Objectives (4 Marks).

d. Summarize Non-tax factors that attract investors in choosing a business jurisdiction (4 Marks).

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – May 2017 – L3 – Q1 – Overview of Advanced Taxation

Explain tax concepts and calculate Companies Income Tax due for Rex Pharmaceuticals.

You are the Tax Controller of Rex Pharmaceuticals (Nigeria) Limited having its Head Office in Ketu, Epe Local Government of Lagos State.

In the past three years, the company had been subjected to taxes by different Revenue Authorities within Lagos State and indeed, the entire country.

Apart from the Companies Income Tax, the issue of Withholding Tax is an area where the company’s management is very much concerned. The Managing Director is worried that this multiplicity of taxes is taking its toll on the company’s financials.

The company is already facing myriads of problems ranging from outrageous cost of capital which had led to increase in cost of production and attendant decrease in profit. The company’s goods are becoming uncompetitive, compared to imported goods. The long-term effect is either reduction in workforce or relocation to a more favorable economic climate.

The Managing Director summoned you to his office and among the issues raised at the meeting were:

(i) as a corporate body, the company ought not to be subjected to multiplicity of taxes beyond the Companies Income Tax;
(ii) the jurisdiction of the tiers of Government in imposition and collection of taxes;
(iii) the Withholding Tax;
(iv) the Pay As You Earn as it affects the staff; and
(v) the Capital Gains Tax.

You have also been informed of the following:

  1. The company’s technical agreement with the foreign Head Office and the need to remit funds;
  2. The Non-Executive Directors;
  3. The Non-Resident directors are to receive N2,500,000;
  4. Centralization of staff PAYE deductions;
  5. Dividend payment to shareholders in different parts of the country. Those resident in Kogi are to receive N375,000;
  6. Land for a factory in Abuja purchased from Alhaji Garuba Maito who resides in Kano;
  7. Rex Pharmaceuticals received N4,500,000 as Net dividend from an associated company Laiketop Limited for the year ended September 30, 2014. In the Audited Financial Statements of Rex Pharmaceuticals for the year ended December 31, 2015, a dividend of N9,500,000 was proposed. Out of this amount, N3,500,000 was from dividend received from Laiketop Limited while the balance was from a Total Profit of N22,500,000 from other trading activities;
  8. At present, out of the thirty employees in Abuja, five are resident in Suleja, Niger State.

Required:

(a) Explain briefly the following:
i. Capital Gains Tax
ii. Withholding Tax
iii. Double Taxation Treaty
iv. Multiple Taxation (12 Marks)

(b) Discuss measures put in place by the government to reduce cases of multiple taxation. (6 Marks)

(c) State the arms of government empowered by the Constitution to legislate on tax matters. (6 Marks)

(d) Determine the Companies Income Tax due from Rex Pharmaceuticals Limited for the year ended December 31, 2015. (6 Marks)

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  • 7 Marks

ATAX – May 2019 – L3 – Q5c – Double Taxation Reliefs and Credits

Advise on double taxation relief for SOKGlobal Limited and compute the applicable relief.

SOKGlobal Limited is a wholly owned Nigerian company that deals with stationery items. It has a functional business unit in Cape Town, South Africa. The company’s operating results for the year ended December 31, 2017, are as follows:

Profit attributable to South Africa business: ₦8,740
Capital allowances agreed with tax officials for Nigeria and South Africa businesses were ₦5,500,000 and ₦2,210,000, respectively.

Required:
Advise the company on the double taxation relief applicable to the company, showing the necessary computations.

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  • 6 Marks

ATAX – May 2019 – L3 – Q5b – Double Taxation Reliefs and Credits

State provisions on business profits, dividends, and director's fees under double taxation arrangements between countries.

With respect to double taxation arrangements, state precisely the provisions on the following:

i. Business profits not arising through a permanent establishment. (2 Marks)
ii. Dividend derived by one company resident in one country from another company resident in another country.
iii. Directors’ fees and other similar payments derived by a resident of a country in his capacity as a director of a company which is a resident of another country.

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  • 2 Marks

ATAX – May 2019 – L3 – Q5a – Double Taxation Reliefs and Credits

State provisions regarding double taxation agreements between Nigeria and another country, as provided in Sections 34 and 35 of the Companies Income Tax Act.

a. State four of the specific provisions of the law as provided in Sections 34 and 35 of the Companies Income Tax Act Cap C2 LFN 2004 (as amended) regarding where there is a double taxation agreement between one country and Nigeria. (2 Marks)

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  • 5 Marks

AT – Nov 2014 – L3 – SC – Q6b – Double Taxation Relief

Provide advice on mitigating double taxation for an individual earning income across multiple countries.

Rev. (Dr.) Smart is an individual who has worked in many countries. Many of his disciples regard him as a “Great man of God” because he has won so many souls and performed real miracles.

He had worked in Ghana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, and the United States of America.

His annual income is earned piecemeal from each country where he ministers. From his itinerary in 2013, as provided by his Personal Assistant, he had visited more than fifteen countries including Nigeria, and in some cases, stayed for more than two months in a few of the countries visited.

He is faced with how to determine his taxable income in each of the countries visited as well as tax payable in Nigeria where he permanently resides.

You have been appointed as the Tax Consultant to Rev. (Dr.) Smart.

Required:
Advise on the relevant provisions of the Tax Laws that will mitigate the possible effect of paying tax on the same income in two or more countries.

(5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q6 – Taxation of Non-Resident Companies and Individuals

Discuss the tax implications of an overseas branch and compute the associated tax liabilities.

Maigona Agro Limited is a Nigerian company operating in the agricultural sector. It has a large expanse of land in the Northern part of the country, which is used strictly for the cultivation of cotton seeds. As a result of the collapse of the textile/garment industry, specifically due to the unfavourable business climate in Nigeria, the company in 2015 established a branch, BAM Textile Mills, in the United Kingdom. Part of the cotton produced locally is sold to BAM Textile Mills at a competitive price, for the production of finished product (branded textile clothing).

A tax dispute recently arose between the Management of Maigona Agro Limited and officials of the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) on the correct assessment of profits made by BAM Textile Mills. The Managing Director is of the opinion that the tax paid by BAM Textile Mills in the United Kingdom should be the final tax since the company is only an overseas branch. He further averred that the provisions of the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 (as amended) are only applicable to companies incorporated in Nigeria. The Managing Director was furious when the company received a reminder of notice of assessment from the FIRS and has therefore threatened to approach the Tax Appeal Tribunal for redress.

You have been engaged by the company as its Tax Consultant to provide professional advice on the tax implication of the profit made by BAM Textile Mills, UK and possibly representation at the Tax Appeal Tribunal sittings. The statement of profit or loss for the year ended October 31, 2021 (BAM Textile Mills’ result has been converted to Nigerian Naira at the prevailing exchange rate) and other relevant documents were handed over to you by the Managing Director.

The extracts from the statements of profit or loss of the two corporate entities revealed the following:

Maigona Agro Ltd (N’000) BAM Textile Mills (N’000) Total (N’000)
Gross Turnover 975,100 1,820,500 2,795,600
Less:
Cost of materials/inputs 350,200 672,000 1,022,200
Salaries and Wages 122,530 400,400 522,930
Administrative Expenses 45,700 110,900 156,600
Depreciation 75,600 147,300 222,900
Donation 8,500 0 8,500
Share of Head Office Expenses 33,300 50,000 83,300
Income Tax Paid in the UK 0 72,200 72,200
Total Expenses 635,830 1,452,800 2,088,630
Net Profit 339,270 367,700 706,970

Additional Information:

  1. The capital allowances of Maigona Agro Limited in respect of plant and equipment, farming tools, and other qualifying capital expenditure as agreed with the tax authorities was N45,000,000. The amount of capital allowances of N57,000,000 claimable by BAM Textile Mills on qualifying assets was also certified by the tax authorities.
  2. Included in the donation was N5,000,000 given to victims of the COVID-19 (Omicron variant) pandemic in Nigeria.
  3. The UK tax rate is assumed to be 35%.

Required:

a. Advise the management of Maigona Agro Limited on the tax implications of the overseas branch. (4 Marks)
b. Compute the tax liabilities of the company in line with your submission in (a) above. (11 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q1 – Taxation of Companies

Discusses tax planning concepts, anti-avoidance measures, tax evasion, double taxation, and non-tax factors influencing investor choices.

Zezee Nigeria Limited was incorporated on September 7, 2012, but did not commence business until July 1, 2013. Based on its Memorandum and Articles of Association, the company was established to carry on distributorship and general contracting.

Extracts from Statements of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income:

Additional information:

(i) Other Income comprises:

(ii) Administrative expenses include:

(iii) Details of Property, Plant and Equipment are as follows:

(iv) On January 2, 2015, the company bought another Motor
vehicle for N1,800,000

(v) Extracts of the Statements of Financial Position are given below:

You were recently appointed the Tax Consultant to the company. The directors sought your advice on whether or not to exercise the company’s right of election for the relevant years of assessment.
For all the relevant years of assessment, you are required to:
a. Compute the Adjusted Profit/Loss. (9 Marks)
b. Determine the Assessable Profit/Loss and advise the Company on whether or not to exercise its right of election. (6 Marks)
c. Compute the capital allowances. (4½ Marks)
d. Compute the tax liabilities. (10½ Marks)

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  • 4 Marks

AT – May 2018 – L3 – SC – Q5a – Tax Administration and Dispute Resolution

Advisory on the limits of the Petroleum Profits Tax Act regarding information disclosure to foreign entities and Auditor-General duties.

Section 5 of the Petroleum Profits Tax Act Cap P.13 LFN 2004, specifies that:

“Every person having possession of or control over any documents, information, returns or assessment, lists or copies of such lists relating to tax or petroleum operations or the amount and value of chargeable oil won by any company who at any time communicates or attempts to communicate such information or anything contained in such documents, returns, lists, or copies to any person, shall be guilty of an offense.”

Required:

Advise on the extent to which the provision of the Act can be relied upon on issues relating to:

  1. Disclosure of information to authorised officers of foreign countries who have a double taxation agreement with Nigeria.
    (2 Marks)
  2. The performance of the duties of the Auditor-General for the Federation or any officer authorised by him.
    (2 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AT – Nov 2023 – L1 – SB – Q4 – Double Taxation Reliefs and Credits

Explanation of the Nigerian-UK Double Taxation Agreement provisions, exempted foreign incomes, conflict resolution mechanisms, and tax treaty benefits.

A notable State‟s Chamber of Commerce and Industries has invited you and three
other tax consultants to their quarterly interactive forum, tagged “The Nigerian
Double Taxation Agreement with the UK.” The participants are top private sector
based industrialists who will be visiting the United Kingdom on a trade mission
next week.

Required:

As the lead discussant, you are to prepare a paper explaining the provisions of the Nigerian double taxation agreements with the United Kingdom in respect of:

i. Income arising from immovable properties (2 Marks)
ii. Business profits not arising through a permanent establishment (2 Marks)
iii. Profits or gains arising from the operations of ships and aircraft in international traffic (2 Marks)
iv. Dividends derived by a company resident in one country from a company resident in another country (2 Marks)
v. Interest arising in one country and paid to a resident of the other country (2 Marks)

b. State THREE foreign incomes exempted from Nigerian tax. (3 Marks)

c. Discuss THREE widely recognised resolution mechanisms being used by the Nigerian government to mitigate the effect of the conflicts between double taxation agreements and Nigerian tax laws. (3 Marks)

d. Explain FOUR benefits of double taxation agreements. (4 Marks)

(Total: 20 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

AT – Nov 2016 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Tax Planning and Management

Explain tax planning and anti-avoidance legislation, summarize tax evasion and double taxation provisions, and highlight non-tax investment factors.

You were invited as the Chairman of a Tax Summit at Ikeja, Lagos State. The topics for discussion were as follows:

i. Tax Planning, an Effective Method of Tax Avoidance
ii. Tax Evasion in a Growing Economy
iii. Double Taxation – The Provisions and the Impact
iv. Jurisdiction for Investment – Non-Tax Factors

As the Chairman, you had the opportunity to summarize the papers presented by the four paper presenters in just ten minutes.

You are required to:

a. Explain briefly, Tax Planning and Anti-Avoidance Legislations put in place by the Government (3 Marks).

b. Summarize situations that may involve Tax Evasion (4 Marks).

c. Explain Double Taxation Agreement – Provisions and the Main Objectives (4 Marks).

d. Summarize Non-tax factors that attract investors in choosing a business jurisdiction (4 Marks).

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – May 2017 – L3 – Q1 – Overview of Advanced Taxation

Explain tax concepts and calculate Companies Income Tax due for Rex Pharmaceuticals.

You are the Tax Controller of Rex Pharmaceuticals (Nigeria) Limited having its Head Office in Ketu, Epe Local Government of Lagos State.

In the past three years, the company had been subjected to taxes by different Revenue Authorities within Lagos State and indeed, the entire country.

Apart from the Companies Income Tax, the issue of Withholding Tax is an area where the company’s management is very much concerned. The Managing Director is worried that this multiplicity of taxes is taking its toll on the company’s financials.

The company is already facing myriads of problems ranging from outrageous cost of capital which had led to increase in cost of production and attendant decrease in profit. The company’s goods are becoming uncompetitive, compared to imported goods. The long-term effect is either reduction in workforce or relocation to a more favorable economic climate.

The Managing Director summoned you to his office and among the issues raised at the meeting were:

(i) as a corporate body, the company ought not to be subjected to multiplicity of taxes beyond the Companies Income Tax;
(ii) the jurisdiction of the tiers of Government in imposition and collection of taxes;
(iii) the Withholding Tax;
(iv) the Pay As You Earn as it affects the staff; and
(v) the Capital Gains Tax.

You have also been informed of the following:

  1. The company’s technical agreement with the foreign Head Office and the need to remit funds;
  2. The Non-Executive Directors;
  3. The Non-Resident directors are to receive N2,500,000;
  4. Centralization of staff PAYE deductions;
  5. Dividend payment to shareholders in different parts of the country. Those resident in Kogi are to receive N375,000;
  6. Land for a factory in Abuja purchased from Alhaji Garuba Maito who resides in Kano;
  7. Rex Pharmaceuticals received N4,500,000 as Net dividend from an associated company Laiketop Limited for the year ended September 30, 2014. In the Audited Financial Statements of Rex Pharmaceuticals for the year ended December 31, 2015, a dividend of N9,500,000 was proposed. Out of this amount, N3,500,000 was from dividend received from Laiketop Limited while the balance was from a Total Profit of N22,500,000 from other trading activities;
  8. At present, out of the thirty employees in Abuja, five are resident in Suleja, Niger State.

Required:

(a) Explain briefly the following:
i. Capital Gains Tax
ii. Withholding Tax
iii. Double Taxation Treaty
iv. Multiple Taxation (12 Marks)

(b) Discuss measures put in place by the government to reduce cases of multiple taxation. (6 Marks)

(c) State the arms of government empowered by the Constitution to legislate on tax matters. (6 Marks)

(d) Determine the Companies Income Tax due from Rex Pharmaceuticals Limited for the year ended December 31, 2015. (6 Marks)

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  • 7 Marks

ATAX – May 2019 – L3 – Q5c – Double Taxation Reliefs and Credits

Advise on double taxation relief for SOKGlobal Limited and compute the applicable relief.

SOKGlobal Limited is a wholly owned Nigerian company that deals with stationery items. It has a functional business unit in Cape Town, South Africa. The company’s operating results for the year ended December 31, 2017, are as follows:

Profit attributable to South Africa business: ₦8,740
Capital allowances agreed with tax officials for Nigeria and South Africa businesses were ₦5,500,000 and ₦2,210,000, respectively.

Required:
Advise the company on the double taxation relief applicable to the company, showing the necessary computations.

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  • 6 Marks

ATAX – May 2019 – L3 – Q5b – Double Taxation Reliefs and Credits

State provisions on business profits, dividends, and director's fees under double taxation arrangements between countries.

With respect to double taxation arrangements, state precisely the provisions on the following:

i. Business profits not arising through a permanent establishment. (2 Marks)
ii. Dividend derived by one company resident in one country from another company resident in another country.
iii. Directors’ fees and other similar payments derived by a resident of a country in his capacity as a director of a company which is a resident of another country.

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  • 2 Marks

ATAX – May 2019 – L3 – Q5a – Double Taxation Reliefs and Credits

State provisions regarding double taxation agreements between Nigeria and another country, as provided in Sections 34 and 35 of the Companies Income Tax Act.

a. State four of the specific provisions of the law as provided in Sections 34 and 35 of the Companies Income Tax Act Cap C2 LFN 2004 (as amended) regarding where there is a double taxation agreement between one country and Nigeria. (2 Marks)

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  • 5 Marks

AT – Nov 2014 – L3 – SC – Q6b – Double Taxation Relief

Provide advice on mitigating double taxation for an individual earning income across multiple countries.

Rev. (Dr.) Smart is an individual who has worked in many countries. Many of his disciples regard him as a “Great man of God” because he has won so many souls and performed real miracles.

He had worked in Ghana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, and the United States of America.

His annual income is earned piecemeal from each country where he ministers. From his itinerary in 2013, as provided by his Personal Assistant, he had visited more than fifteen countries including Nigeria, and in some cases, stayed for more than two months in a few of the countries visited.

He is faced with how to determine his taxable income in each of the countries visited as well as tax payable in Nigeria where he permanently resides.

You have been appointed as the Tax Consultant to Rev. (Dr.) Smart.

Required:
Advise on the relevant provisions of the Tax Laws that will mitigate the possible effect of paying tax on the same income in two or more countries.

(5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q6 – Taxation of Non-Resident Companies and Individuals

Discuss the tax implications of an overseas branch and compute the associated tax liabilities.

Maigona Agro Limited is a Nigerian company operating in the agricultural sector. It has a large expanse of land in the Northern part of the country, which is used strictly for the cultivation of cotton seeds. As a result of the collapse of the textile/garment industry, specifically due to the unfavourable business climate in Nigeria, the company in 2015 established a branch, BAM Textile Mills, in the United Kingdom. Part of the cotton produced locally is sold to BAM Textile Mills at a competitive price, for the production of finished product (branded textile clothing).

A tax dispute recently arose between the Management of Maigona Agro Limited and officials of the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) on the correct assessment of profits made by BAM Textile Mills. The Managing Director is of the opinion that the tax paid by BAM Textile Mills in the United Kingdom should be the final tax since the company is only an overseas branch. He further averred that the provisions of the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 (as amended) are only applicable to companies incorporated in Nigeria. The Managing Director was furious when the company received a reminder of notice of assessment from the FIRS and has therefore threatened to approach the Tax Appeal Tribunal for redress.

You have been engaged by the company as its Tax Consultant to provide professional advice on the tax implication of the profit made by BAM Textile Mills, UK and possibly representation at the Tax Appeal Tribunal sittings. The statement of profit or loss for the year ended October 31, 2021 (BAM Textile Mills’ result has been converted to Nigerian Naira at the prevailing exchange rate) and other relevant documents were handed over to you by the Managing Director.

The extracts from the statements of profit or loss of the two corporate entities revealed the following:

Maigona Agro Ltd (N’000) BAM Textile Mills (N’000) Total (N’000)
Gross Turnover 975,100 1,820,500 2,795,600
Less:
Cost of materials/inputs 350,200 672,000 1,022,200
Salaries and Wages 122,530 400,400 522,930
Administrative Expenses 45,700 110,900 156,600
Depreciation 75,600 147,300 222,900
Donation 8,500 0 8,500
Share of Head Office Expenses 33,300 50,000 83,300
Income Tax Paid in the UK 0 72,200 72,200
Total Expenses 635,830 1,452,800 2,088,630
Net Profit 339,270 367,700 706,970

Additional Information:

  1. The capital allowances of Maigona Agro Limited in respect of plant and equipment, farming tools, and other qualifying capital expenditure as agreed with the tax authorities was N45,000,000. The amount of capital allowances of N57,000,000 claimable by BAM Textile Mills on qualifying assets was also certified by the tax authorities.
  2. Included in the donation was N5,000,000 given to victims of the COVID-19 (Omicron variant) pandemic in Nigeria.
  3. The UK tax rate is assumed to be 35%.

Required:

a. Advise the management of Maigona Agro Limited on the tax implications of the overseas branch. (4 Marks)
b. Compute the tax liabilities of the company in line with your submission in (a) above. (11 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q1 – Taxation of Companies

Discusses tax planning concepts, anti-avoidance measures, tax evasion, double taxation, and non-tax factors influencing investor choices.

Zezee Nigeria Limited was incorporated on September 7, 2012, but did not commence business until July 1, 2013. Based on its Memorandum and Articles of Association, the company was established to carry on distributorship and general contracting.

Extracts from Statements of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income:

Additional information:

(i) Other Income comprises:

(ii) Administrative expenses include:

(iii) Details of Property, Plant and Equipment are as follows:

(iv) On January 2, 2015, the company bought another Motor
vehicle for N1,800,000

(v) Extracts of the Statements of Financial Position are given below:

You were recently appointed the Tax Consultant to the company. The directors sought your advice on whether or not to exercise the company’s right of election for the relevant years of assessment.
For all the relevant years of assessment, you are required to:
a. Compute the Adjusted Profit/Loss. (9 Marks)
b. Determine the Assessable Profit/Loss and advise the Company on whether or not to exercise its right of election. (6 Marks)
c. Compute the capital allowances. (4½ Marks)
d. Compute the tax liabilities. (10½ Marks)

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  • 4 Marks

AT – May 2018 – L3 – SC – Q5a – Tax Administration and Dispute Resolution

Advisory on the limits of the Petroleum Profits Tax Act regarding information disclosure to foreign entities and Auditor-General duties.

Section 5 of the Petroleum Profits Tax Act Cap P.13 LFN 2004, specifies that:

“Every person having possession of or control over any documents, information, returns or assessment, lists or copies of such lists relating to tax or petroleum operations or the amount and value of chargeable oil won by any company who at any time communicates or attempts to communicate such information or anything contained in such documents, returns, lists, or copies to any person, shall be guilty of an offense.”

Required:

Advise on the extent to which the provision of the Act can be relied upon on issues relating to:

  1. Disclosure of information to authorised officers of foreign countries who have a double taxation agreement with Nigeria.
    (2 Marks)
  2. The performance of the duties of the Auditor-General for the Federation or any officer authorised by him.
    (2 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AT – Nov 2023 – L1 – SB – Q4 – Double Taxation Reliefs and Credits

Explanation of the Nigerian-UK Double Taxation Agreement provisions, exempted foreign incomes, conflict resolution mechanisms, and tax treaty benefits.

A notable State‟s Chamber of Commerce and Industries has invited you and three
other tax consultants to their quarterly interactive forum, tagged “The Nigerian
Double Taxation Agreement with the UK.” The participants are top private sector
based industrialists who will be visiting the United Kingdom on a trade mission
next week.

Required:

As the lead discussant, you are to prepare a paper explaining the provisions of the Nigerian double taxation agreements with the United Kingdom in respect of:

i. Income arising from immovable properties (2 Marks)
ii. Business profits not arising through a permanent establishment (2 Marks)
iii. Profits or gains arising from the operations of ships and aircraft in international traffic (2 Marks)
iv. Dividends derived by a company resident in one country from a company resident in another country (2 Marks)
v. Interest arising in one country and paid to a resident of the other country (2 Marks)

b. State THREE foreign incomes exempted from Nigerian tax. (3 Marks)

c. Discuss THREE widely recognised resolution mechanisms being used by the Nigerian government to mitigate the effect of the conflicts between double taxation agreements and Nigerian tax laws. (3 Marks)

d. Explain FOUR benefits of double taxation agreements. (4 Marks)

(Total: 20 Marks)

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