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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q3 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate Tinco Limited's expansion project using financial metrics, assess sensitivity to contribution and tax rate changes, and incorporate capital allowances.

Tinco Limited (TL) is considering an expansion project. The project will involve the acquisition of an automated production machine costing ₦11,000,000 and payable now. The machine is expected to have a disposal value at the end of 5 years, which is equal to 10% of the initial expenditure.

The following schedule reflects a recent market survey regarding the estimated annual sales revenue from the expansion project over the project’s five-year life:

Level of Demand ₦’000 Probability
High 16,000 0.25
Medium 12,000 0.50
Low 8,000 0.25

It is expected that the contribution to sales ratio will be 50%. Additional expenditure on fixed overheads is expected to be ₦1,800,000 per annum. TL incurs a 20% tax rate on corporate profits. Corporate tax is paid one year in arrears.

TL’s after-tax nominal (money) discount rate is 15.5% per annum. A uniform inflation rate of 5% per annum will apply to all costs and revenues during the life of the project. All of the values above have been expressed in terms of current prices.

You can assume that all cash flows occur at the end of each year and that the initial investment does not qualify for capital allowances.

Required:

a.
i. Evaluate the proposed expansion from a financial perspective. (10 Marks)
ii. Calculate and interpret the sensitivity of the project to changes in:

  • The expected annual contribution (3 Marks)
  • The tax rate (2 Marks)

b.
You have now been advised that the capital cost of the expansion will qualify for written down allowances at the rate of 25% per annum on a reducing balance basis. Also, at the end of the project’s life, a balancing charge or allowance will arise equal to the difference between the scrap proceeds and the tax written down value.

You are required to calculate the financial impact of these allowances. (5 Marks)

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PSAF – May 2021 – L2 – Q3b – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

NPV-based investment recommendation for Omidan Local Government among three projects and a risk-free security alternative.

Omidan Local Government Council has N20,000,000 to invest, if there is an assurance that the investment will earn at least 12% p.a. In view of this, the following projects are being considered:

  • Project A will earn N21,800,000 at the end of year one with a residual value of N1,500,000;
  • Project B will earn N24,000,000 at the end of year two with a residual value of N500,000; and
  • Project C will earn N14,000,000 at the end of year one and another N10,000,000 at the end of year two with no residual value.

If none of the projects is undertaken, Omidan Local Government Council will invest the N20,000,000 in a risk-free security that will earn interest of 12% p.a.

Required:

Assess and advise Omidan Local Government Council on which of the projects to be undertaken using Net Present Value (NPV) method.

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BMF – Nov 2020 – L1 – SB – Q5 – Investment Decisions

Evaluate the investment project using IRR and advise management on the project feasibility.

Uhuru Nigeria Limited wants to buy a new item of equipment which will be used to improve service delivery to its customers. Using the internal rate of return (IRR) method of investment appraisal, you are required to evaluate the project and advise the management of the company. Estimated cash flows from the project are as provided below:

Year Cash Flow (N)
0 (400,000)
1 140,000
2 150,000
3 170,000
4 190,000

The expected minimum required rate of return of the company is fixed at 25%.

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PM – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1 – Decision-Making Techniques

Comparison of two machine purchase options - ZIGMA 5000 and DELPHA 7000 using profitability statement, cash flows, payback period and NPV.

The Board of Directors of Danda Company Limited is proposing the purchase of either of two machines that have been proved adequate for the production of an engineering product “Gee”. The two machines are: ZIGMA 5,000 and DELPHA 7,000. Production in the first year would be affected by installation challenges and inadequate understanding of the operating instructions of the machines.

Information available from the production profile of the two machines are as shown below:

ZIGMA 5000:

Cost of machine is N16,500,000 while the life span is 6 years.

DELPHA 7000:

Cost of plant is N18,300,000 while the life span is 6 years.

Other information relevant to the company’s operations and administration are:

(i) Selling price per unit is N300.

(ii) Variable cost per unit is N150.

(iii) Annual fixed overhead exclusive of depreciation is N1,200,000.

(iv) Company depreciation policy is straight line basis.

(v) The budgeted production capacity is 100,000 units.

(vi) No opening or closing inventory is envisaged.

(vii) All sales are for cash.

(viii) All costs are for cash.

Required:

a. Prepare the SIX year profitability statement for the two machines. (6 Marks)

b. Prepare the SIX year cash flow statement for the two machines. (6 Marks)

c. What is the payback period for the two machines? (7 Marks)

d. Determine the Net Present Value (NPV) of the two machines if the acceptable discount rate for the company is 15%. (7 Marks)

e. Which of the two machines should the company acquire? (4 Marks)

 

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PM – May 2022 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Performance Evaluation

Evaluate Uzochuks' financial performance using ARR and EVA, and assess the NPV of a solar project.

Uzochuks Nigeria Limited is a company established four years ago to produce medical equipment. The income statement and statement of financial position for 2019 and 2020 are as follows:

(ii) Economic depreciation is assessed to be N50.5million in 2020. Economic depreciation includes any appropriate amortisation adjustments. In previous years, it can be assumed that economic and accounting depreciation were the same.
(iii) Tax is the cash paid in the current year (N16 million) and an adjustment of N2 million for deferred tax provisions. There was no deferred tax balance prior to 2020.
(iv) The provision for doubtful debts was N2.5million on the 2020 statement of financial position.
(v) Research and development is not capitalised in the accounts. It relates to a new project that will be developed over five years and is expected to be of long-term benefit to the company. 2020 is the first year of this project.
(vi) The company had a non-capitalised leased assets of N18million in January 2020. These assets are not subjected to depreciation.
(vii) Cost of capital of Uzochuks:
Equity 18%
Debt (pre-tax) 6%
(viii) Capital structure of Uzochuks:
Equity 60%
Debt 40%
(ix) The company had the opportunity to invest in a solar project that will require the procurement of an equipment worth N3million in January 2020 and run for a period of 5 years with a salvage value of N0.50million, generating a stable net cash flow of N0.85 million. The applicable cost of capital is the associated weighted average cost of capital of the company.

Required:
a. i. Compute and evaluate the company’s performance using the average rate of return (ARR). (4 Marks)
ii. Compute and evaluate the company’s performance using the economic value added (EVA) parameter. (9 Marks)
b. Calculate the net present value (NPV) of a solar project that will require the procurement of equipment worth N3 million in January 2020, generating a stable net cash flow of N0.85 million annually for five years with a salvage value of N0.50 million. The applicable cost of capital is the associated weighted average cost of capital of the company. (7 Marks)

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BMF – Nov 2014 – L1 – SB – Q4 – Investment Decisions

Appraise a proposed investment using the Internal Rate of Return and evaluate the use of the Accounting Rate of Return.

Management decisions regarding the acquisition of non-current assets and other long-term investments involve huge capital outlay, and they are critical to the future profitability and success of the company.

Gboza Limited proposed to buy a plant costing N2,000,000 which is expected to generate annual net cash flow of N600,000 for six years at a cost of capital of 10%.

Required:

a. Appraise the project using the internal rate of return. (13 Marks)
b. Should the plant be purchased? (2 Marks)
c. State TWO advantages and THREE disadvantages of accounting rate of return (ARR) as an investment appraisal technique. (5 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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BMF – Nov 2021 – L1 – SA – Q15 – Investment Decisions

Question about the relevant cost for capital investment decisions.

The concept of cash flow is of vital importance to capital investment appraisal. Which of the following costs is relevant to investment decisions?

A. Future costs
B. Notional costs
C. Committed cost
D. Absorbed cost
E. Apportionment cost

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BMF – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q4 – Investment Decisions

Evaluate two equipment options using NPV and Discounted Payback Period to maximize shareholder value.

Felfred Limited is contemplating buying a new item of equipment to facilitate the improvement of the quality of services provided to customers of the company. Two models of the needed equipment are currently available in the market. The two machines, Xetoy and Whytox would cost N750,000 and N1,500,000 respectively. Additional information in relation to the two equipment is as stated below:

Equipment Xetoy Whytox
Estimated Lifespan 5 years 5 years
Expected Cash inflows / Year
2021 N500,000 N500,000
2022 N500,000 N500,000
2023 N300,000 N600,000
2024 N200,000 N600,000
2025 N100,000 N600,000
Disposal value N50,000 N100,000

Based on Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Payback Period methods of investment appraisal, you are required to select the equipment in which the value of shareholders will be maximised. Costs of installation for Xetoy and Whytox are N50,000 and N100,000 respectively. The company’s minimum required rate of return is currently at 12%.

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BMF – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Investment Decisions

Calculate payback periods for two investment projects and decide based on company policy.

CASHIO Limited must choose between two investments, Project ABUWA and Project BRIWA. It cannot undertake both investments. The expected cash flows for each project are:

Year Project ABUWA (₦) Project BRIWA (₦)
0 (800,000) (800,000)
1 200,000 600,000
2 360,000 240,000
3 360,000 20,000
4 170,000

The company has a policy that the maximum permissible payback period for an investment is three years and if a choice has to be made between the two projects, the project with the earlier payback will be chosen.

a. Calculate the payback period for each project:
i. Assuming that cash flows occur at year-end
ii. Assuming that cash flows after Year 0 occur at a constant rate throughout each year (16 Marks)

b. Which project should be selected according to the company’s payback rule? (2 Marks)

c. State the reasons for your decision in (b) above. (2 Marks)

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BMF – May 2023 – L1 – SA – Q9 – Investment Decisions

Calculate the NPV of a project with given cash inflows over a 3-year period and a 10% cost of capital.

A firm plans to invest N20 million in a project with a life span of 3 years.

Projected cash inflows are as follows:

Years Cash Flows (N Million)
1 8
2 10
3 8

If the cost of capital is 10%, calculate the NPV of the project.

A. N1.34 million
B. N1.44 million
C. N1.54 million
D. N1.64 million
E. N1.74 million

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q3 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate Tinco Limited's expansion project using financial metrics, assess sensitivity to contribution and tax rate changes, and incorporate capital allowances.

Tinco Limited (TL) is considering an expansion project. The project will involve the acquisition of an automated production machine costing ₦11,000,000 and payable now. The machine is expected to have a disposal value at the end of 5 years, which is equal to 10% of the initial expenditure.

The following schedule reflects a recent market survey regarding the estimated annual sales revenue from the expansion project over the project’s five-year life:

Level of Demand ₦’000 Probability
High 16,000 0.25
Medium 12,000 0.50
Low 8,000 0.25

It is expected that the contribution to sales ratio will be 50%. Additional expenditure on fixed overheads is expected to be ₦1,800,000 per annum. TL incurs a 20% tax rate on corporate profits. Corporate tax is paid one year in arrears.

TL’s after-tax nominal (money) discount rate is 15.5% per annum. A uniform inflation rate of 5% per annum will apply to all costs and revenues during the life of the project. All of the values above have been expressed in terms of current prices.

You can assume that all cash flows occur at the end of each year and that the initial investment does not qualify for capital allowances.

Required:

a.
i. Evaluate the proposed expansion from a financial perspective. (10 Marks)
ii. Calculate and interpret the sensitivity of the project to changes in:

  • The expected annual contribution (3 Marks)
  • The tax rate (2 Marks)

b.
You have now been advised that the capital cost of the expansion will qualify for written down allowances at the rate of 25% per annum on a reducing balance basis. Also, at the end of the project’s life, a balancing charge or allowance will arise equal to the difference between the scrap proceeds and the tax written down value.

You are required to calculate the financial impact of these allowances. (5 Marks)

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PSAF – May 2021 – L2 – Q3b – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

NPV-based investment recommendation for Omidan Local Government among three projects and a risk-free security alternative.

Omidan Local Government Council has N20,000,000 to invest, if there is an assurance that the investment will earn at least 12% p.a. In view of this, the following projects are being considered:

  • Project A will earn N21,800,000 at the end of year one with a residual value of N1,500,000;
  • Project B will earn N24,000,000 at the end of year two with a residual value of N500,000; and
  • Project C will earn N14,000,000 at the end of year one and another N10,000,000 at the end of year two with no residual value.

If none of the projects is undertaken, Omidan Local Government Council will invest the N20,000,000 in a risk-free security that will earn interest of 12% p.a.

Required:

Assess and advise Omidan Local Government Council on which of the projects to be undertaken using Net Present Value (NPV) method.

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BMF – Nov 2020 – L1 – SB – Q5 – Investment Decisions

Evaluate the investment project using IRR and advise management on the project feasibility.

Uhuru Nigeria Limited wants to buy a new item of equipment which will be used to improve service delivery to its customers. Using the internal rate of return (IRR) method of investment appraisal, you are required to evaluate the project and advise the management of the company. Estimated cash flows from the project are as provided below:

Year Cash Flow (N)
0 (400,000)
1 140,000
2 150,000
3 170,000
4 190,000

The expected minimum required rate of return of the company is fixed at 25%.

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PM – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1 – Decision-Making Techniques

Comparison of two machine purchase options - ZIGMA 5000 and DELPHA 7000 using profitability statement, cash flows, payback period and NPV.

The Board of Directors of Danda Company Limited is proposing the purchase of either of two machines that have been proved adequate for the production of an engineering product “Gee”. The two machines are: ZIGMA 5,000 and DELPHA 7,000. Production in the first year would be affected by installation challenges and inadequate understanding of the operating instructions of the machines.

Information available from the production profile of the two machines are as shown below:

ZIGMA 5000:

Cost of machine is N16,500,000 while the life span is 6 years.

DELPHA 7000:

Cost of plant is N18,300,000 while the life span is 6 years.

Other information relevant to the company’s operations and administration are:

(i) Selling price per unit is N300.

(ii) Variable cost per unit is N150.

(iii) Annual fixed overhead exclusive of depreciation is N1,200,000.

(iv) Company depreciation policy is straight line basis.

(v) The budgeted production capacity is 100,000 units.

(vi) No opening or closing inventory is envisaged.

(vii) All sales are for cash.

(viii) All costs are for cash.

Required:

a. Prepare the SIX year profitability statement for the two machines. (6 Marks)

b. Prepare the SIX year cash flow statement for the two machines. (6 Marks)

c. What is the payback period for the two machines? (7 Marks)

d. Determine the Net Present Value (NPV) of the two machines if the acceptable discount rate for the company is 15%. (7 Marks)

e. Which of the two machines should the company acquire? (4 Marks)

 

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PM – May 2022 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Performance Evaluation

Evaluate Uzochuks' financial performance using ARR and EVA, and assess the NPV of a solar project.

Uzochuks Nigeria Limited is a company established four years ago to produce medical equipment. The income statement and statement of financial position for 2019 and 2020 are as follows:

(ii) Economic depreciation is assessed to be N50.5million in 2020. Economic depreciation includes any appropriate amortisation adjustments. In previous years, it can be assumed that economic and accounting depreciation were the same.
(iii) Tax is the cash paid in the current year (N16 million) and an adjustment of N2 million for deferred tax provisions. There was no deferred tax balance prior to 2020.
(iv) The provision for doubtful debts was N2.5million on the 2020 statement of financial position.
(v) Research and development is not capitalised in the accounts. It relates to a new project that will be developed over five years and is expected to be of long-term benefit to the company. 2020 is the first year of this project.
(vi) The company had a non-capitalised leased assets of N18million in January 2020. These assets are not subjected to depreciation.
(vii) Cost of capital of Uzochuks:
Equity 18%
Debt (pre-tax) 6%
(viii) Capital structure of Uzochuks:
Equity 60%
Debt 40%
(ix) The company had the opportunity to invest in a solar project that will require the procurement of an equipment worth N3million in January 2020 and run for a period of 5 years with a salvage value of N0.50million, generating a stable net cash flow of N0.85 million. The applicable cost of capital is the associated weighted average cost of capital of the company.

Required:
a. i. Compute and evaluate the company’s performance using the average rate of return (ARR). (4 Marks)
ii. Compute and evaluate the company’s performance using the economic value added (EVA) parameter. (9 Marks)
b. Calculate the net present value (NPV) of a solar project that will require the procurement of equipment worth N3 million in January 2020, generating a stable net cash flow of N0.85 million annually for five years with a salvage value of N0.50 million. The applicable cost of capital is the associated weighted average cost of capital of the company. (7 Marks)

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BMF – Nov 2014 – L1 – SB – Q4 – Investment Decisions

Appraise a proposed investment using the Internal Rate of Return and evaluate the use of the Accounting Rate of Return.

Management decisions regarding the acquisition of non-current assets and other long-term investments involve huge capital outlay, and they are critical to the future profitability and success of the company.

Gboza Limited proposed to buy a plant costing N2,000,000 which is expected to generate annual net cash flow of N600,000 for six years at a cost of capital of 10%.

Required:

a. Appraise the project using the internal rate of return. (13 Marks)
b. Should the plant be purchased? (2 Marks)
c. State TWO advantages and THREE disadvantages of accounting rate of return (ARR) as an investment appraisal technique. (5 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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BMF – Nov 2021 – L1 – SA – Q15 – Investment Decisions

Question about the relevant cost for capital investment decisions.

The concept of cash flow is of vital importance to capital investment appraisal. Which of the following costs is relevant to investment decisions?

A. Future costs
B. Notional costs
C. Committed cost
D. Absorbed cost
E. Apportionment cost

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BMF – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q4 – Investment Decisions

Evaluate two equipment options using NPV and Discounted Payback Period to maximize shareholder value.

Felfred Limited is contemplating buying a new item of equipment to facilitate the improvement of the quality of services provided to customers of the company. Two models of the needed equipment are currently available in the market. The two machines, Xetoy and Whytox would cost N750,000 and N1,500,000 respectively. Additional information in relation to the two equipment is as stated below:

Equipment Xetoy Whytox
Estimated Lifespan 5 years 5 years
Expected Cash inflows / Year
2021 N500,000 N500,000
2022 N500,000 N500,000
2023 N300,000 N600,000
2024 N200,000 N600,000
2025 N100,000 N600,000
Disposal value N50,000 N100,000

Based on Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Payback Period methods of investment appraisal, you are required to select the equipment in which the value of shareholders will be maximised. Costs of installation for Xetoy and Whytox are N50,000 and N100,000 respectively. The company’s minimum required rate of return is currently at 12%.

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BMF – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Investment Decisions

Calculate payback periods for two investment projects and decide based on company policy.

CASHIO Limited must choose between two investments, Project ABUWA and Project BRIWA. It cannot undertake both investments. The expected cash flows for each project are:

Year Project ABUWA (₦) Project BRIWA (₦)
0 (800,000) (800,000)
1 200,000 600,000
2 360,000 240,000
3 360,000 20,000
4 170,000

The company has a policy that the maximum permissible payback period for an investment is three years and if a choice has to be made between the two projects, the project with the earlier payback will be chosen.

a. Calculate the payback period for each project:
i. Assuming that cash flows occur at year-end
ii. Assuming that cash flows after Year 0 occur at a constant rate throughout each year (16 Marks)

b. Which project should be selected according to the company’s payback rule? (2 Marks)

c. State the reasons for your decision in (b) above. (2 Marks)

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BMF – May 2023 – L1 – SA – Q9 – Investment Decisions

Calculate the NPV of a project with given cash inflows over a 3-year period and a 10% cost of capital.

A firm plans to invest N20 million in a project with a life span of 3 years.

Projected cash inflows are as follows:

Years Cash Flows (N Million)
1 8
2 10
3 8

If the cost of capital is 10%, calculate the NPV of the project.

A. N1.34 million
B. N1.44 million
C. N1.54 million
D. N1.64 million
E. N1.74 million

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