Question Tag: Capital Allowance

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  • 10 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q2c – Petroleum Profits Tax (PPT)

Compute and explain the significance of adjusted profit, chargeable profit, and chargeable tax for Joji Petroleum Company.

Mr. Gillani Azurhi is considering investing in a petroleum company and has provided financial extracts of Joji Petroleum Company Limited for analysis.

Financial Data Provided:

Item N’000
Current year capital allowances 6,080
Previous years’ capital allowances b/f 8,901
Custom duty 125
Royalties not included in accounts 1,638
Loss brought forward 6,250
Petroleum Profits Tax payable 1,336

Tax Rate: 85%

Required:

Compute and explain the significance of each of the following:

i) Adjusted profit (9 Marks)
ii) Chargeable profit (2 Marks)
iii) Chargeable tax (2 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q1 – Corporate Tax Compliance and Reporting

Calculation of tax liabilities, corporate tax compliance, and adjustments in financial reporting.

Carrol Nigeria Limited, a medium-sized company, commenced business in 2011. The company has three subsidiaries in the manufacturing of household utensils and baby products. Over the last three years, its fortunes have dwindled due to high costs of imported raw materials, overheads, low patronage from customers, and increasing demands from the host communities for social amenities.

Due to the challenging business environment, the board decided in 2016 to reduce workforce and permanently close one of its subsidiaries. This led to the appointment of a young accountant with limited taxation and fiscal policy knowledge as the Group Accountant after two Finance Department staff were affected.

In the past three years, the company faced challenges with tax authorities on tax compliance. The Group Managing Director was embarrassed when informed by the tax officer that essential records necessary for determining tax liabilities were not maintained. Gaps were also observed in the annual returns filed by the company, and the Revenue Service is conducting a back duty audit.

The Group Managing Director has sought assistance in addressing these challenges and provided documents for recomputation of the company’s income tax liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2020.

The statement of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2020, is as follows:

Additional Information:

  1. Other income included ₦320,000 realized from the disposal of an old plant.
  2. Administrative expenses included ₦250,000 paid to a legal practitioner for the defense and release of the company’s driver caught by traffic officers.
  3. 30% of motor running expenses was expended on the personal expenses of the Managing Director.
  4. 20% of the donation was paid to a State Government fund assisting insurgent victims.
  5. Repairs and maintenance included ₦215,000 for erecting a gate destroyed during a youth protest.
  6. Allowance for doubtful debts comprised ₦600,000 in general provision and ₦400,000 in specific provision.
  7. Miscellaneous expenses included ₦450,000 for hamper gifts to customers during Sallah and Christmas.
  8. A review revealed the gross turnover was understated by ₦750,000.
  9. The following is the schedule of qualifying capital expenditure on property, plant, and equipment:
    Nature Date of Acquisition Amount (₦’000)
    Factory building September 8, 2016 3,800
    Furniture & fittings October 12, 2016 1,600
    Motor van June 19, 2018 4,200
    Factory building March 8, 2020 6,500
    Furniture & fittings April 15, 2020 2,000
    Industrial plant July 1, 2020 5,700
    Motor van December 20, 2020 4,240
  10. Unutilized capital allowances brought forward was ₦1,500,000, with a balancing charge of ₦155,000 on disposal of the old plant.

Required:
As the company’s tax consultant, prepare a report to the Group Managing Director covering the following:

a. Provisions of the Companies Income Tax Act CAP C21 LFN 2004 (as amended) and Finance Act 2020 regarding maintenance of books or records of accounts (4 Marks)

b. Back duty audit and its implications (4 Marks)

c. Computation of the company’s tax liabilities (with supporting schedules) for the relevant tax year (22 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AT – May 2024 – L3 – SB – Q2 – Taxation of Specialized Businesses

Calculation of hydrocarbon tax payable by New Rain Petroleum and analysis of tax implications for deep offshore investment.

New Rain Petroleum Company Limited has been operating in the onshore and shallow water areas of the Niger Delta region for over fifteen years. The company was granted a petroleum mining lease license in January 2021. In its bid to improve profitability, the company’s management intends to apply for a license to operate in the deep-sea area starting from 2025. The decision of the management is expected to be presented to the company members at the 2023 annual general meeting, scheduled in the second half of 2024.

The following financial data were extracted from the book of accounts of New Rain Petroleum Company for the year ended December 31, 2023:

Income N’ million
Fiscal value of crude oil sold 191,100
Value of condensate from associated gas 84,474
Value of natural gas liquid from associated gas 55,328
Other incidental income 151
Realized exchange gain 38
Gross total income 331,091
Expenses/Deductions N’ million
Royalty incurred and paid 86,200
First exploration wells cost 6,800
First two appraisal wells costs 18,700
Joint cost – terminalling 12,000
Gas reinjection wells cost 3,420
Salaries and wages 9,300
Power cost 1,650
NDDC charge 125
Concessional rentals 60,430
Depreciation of assets 13,860
Allowance for doubtful debts 2,400
Host community trust fund contribution 4,800
Stamp duty 16
Staff welfare 350
Travelling 180
Donations and subscription 6
Decommissioning and abandonment 1,300
Environmental remediation fund contribution 1,250
General expenses 500
Finance costs 1,750
Total Expenses 225,037
Net Profit 106,054

Additional Information:

  1. Data on Crude Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas Sales:
    Category Quantity (million barrels) Actual Price (USD) Fiscal Price (USD)
    Crude oil 5.25 70 72
    Condensate from associated gas 3.61 45 44
    Natural gas liquid from associated gas 2.80 38 40
  2. Omitted Record:
    • A balancing charge of N1,500,000 was made from the disposal of an old oil equipment platform, which was omitted from the records.
  3. Allowance for Doubtful Debts:
    Type of Provision N’ million
    Specific provisions 900
    General provisions 1,500
    Total 2,400
  4. Donations and Subscription:
    Recipient N’ million
    Recognized orphanage homes 3.0
    Host community’s cultural group 2.0
    Subscription to oil and gas association 1.0
    Total 6.0
  5. General Expenses:
    Expense N’ million
    Penalty for gas flare 250
    Printing of stationery items 140
    State government levy 110
    Total 500
  6. Agreed Capital Allowances:
    Category N’ million
    Brought forward 167
    For the year 2,105
    Total 2,272
  7. Production Allowance:
    Type of Operation N’ million
    Onshore operations 900
    Shallow water operation 1,700
    Total 2,600
  8. Exchange Rate: The exchange rate averaged N520 to 1 USD during the year.
  9. Assumption: Tax liabilities are to be paid in domestic (Naira) currency.

Required:
As the company’s Tax Manager, you are to advise the management, in accordance with the provisions of the Petroleum Industry Act 2021, on:

a. Hydrocarbon tax payable for the relevant assessment year (18 Marks)
b. Tax implications if the company decides to invest in deep offshore areas (2 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)+

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q5 – Capital Budgeting under Uncertainty

Analyze whether replacing a machine after three or four years is more beneficial based on economic costs and tax implications.

Kuku Plc. had a need for a machine. After four years of purchase, the machine will no longer be capable of efficient working at the level of use by the company. The company typically replaces machines every four years. The production manager has noted that in the fourth year, the machine will require additional maintenance to maintain normal efficiency. This raises the question of whether the machine should be replaced after three years instead of four years, as per company practice.

Relevant information is as follows:

(i) A new machine will cost N240,000. If retained for four years, it will have zero scrap value at the end. If retained for three years, it will have an estimated disposal value of N30,000. The machine qualifies for capital allowance of 20% on a reducing balance basis each year, except in the last year. In the final year, if the disposal proceeds are less than the tax written-down value, the difference will be an additional tax relief.

The machine is assumed to be bought and disposed of on the last day of the company’s accounting year.

(ii) The company tax rate is 30%, payable on the last day of the relevant accounting year.

(iii) Maintenance costs are covered by the supplier in the first year. In the second and third years, maintenance costs average N30,000 annually. In the fourth year, they increase to N60,000. Maintenance costs are tax-allowable and payable on the first day of the accounting year.

(iv) The company’s cost of capital is 15%.

Required:

a. Prepare calculations to determine whether it is economically beneficial to replace the machine after three years or four years. (12 Marks)

b. Discuss two additional factors that could influence the company’s replacement decision, including any potential weaknesses in the decision criteria. (3 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2023 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Calculate and compare NPV for two proposals involving equipment purchase vs. existing machinery for contract fulfillment.

Niko Plc, a large equity-financed company, has a year-end of December 31. It must fulfill a contract in Abuja and has two proposals to choose from: Proposal A (purchasing new machinery) and Proposal B (using existing machinery).

Proposal A:

  • Outlay of N312,500,000 on December 31, 2023, for new plant and machinery.
  • Projected net cash inflows (before tax, in nominal terms):
    • 2024: N200,000,000
    • 2025: N275,000,000
    • 2026: N350,000,000
  • Scrap value: N25,000,000 at end of 2026.

Proposal B:

  • Uses a machine with a net realizable value of N250 million, with an alternative sale value of N300 million on January 1, 2025, if unused.
  • Cash inflows (in nominal terms):
    • 2024: N350,000,000
    • 2025: N350,000,000
  • Labour costs:
    • 2024: N100 million (replacement staff cost of N110 million)
    • 2025: N108 million (replacement staff cost of N118.8 million)
  • Machine residual value: N0 at project end in 2025.

Additional Details:

  • Working capital: 10% of year-end cash inflows, released upon project completion.
  • Expected annual inflation rates: 2024 – 10%, 2025 – 8%, 2026 – 6%, 2027 – 5%.
  • Real cost of capital: 10%.
  • Income tax: 40%, payable one year after the accounting period.
  • Capital allowances: 20% reducing balance for Proposal A’s plant and machinery.

Required:

  • a. Calculate the NPV at December 31, 2023, for each proposal. (17 Marks)
  • b. State any reservations about making an investment decision based on these NPV figures. (3 Marks)

Answer:

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  • 30 Marks

AT- Nov 2022 – L3 – Q1 – Income Taxes (IAS 12)

Calculate adjusted profit and tax liabilities for Owoeye Machine Tools, considering pioneer period capital allowances.

As a result of the developing nature of Nigeria’s economy, there are some industries and products that are not well developed on a scale that can adequately cater to the needs of the populace. One of the investment incentives available to industries and products in this category is contained in the Industrial Development (Income Tax Relief) Act 1971. Application has to be made to the Federal Government to enjoy any of these numerous investment incentives.

Owoeye Machine Tools Nigeria Limited was incorporated on January 20, 2016, and was initially granted a pioneer certificate on April 1, 2016. At the end of the pioneer period, the company, due to negligence, failed to follow due process in applying for an extension of the pioneer certificate. The company retained March 31 as its financial year-end. The following records and information were obtained from the company:

  1. Qualifying Capital Expenditure on property, plant, and equipment (certified by the Federal Inland Revenue Service) incurred during the pioneer period:
    Asset Type Amount (N’000)
    Industrial building 23,800
    Building (non-industrial) 11,600
    Motor vehicles 6,200
    Plant 10,400
    Furniture and fittings 5,800
  2. Statement of Adjusted Profits/(Losses) during the Pioneer Period:
    Period Profit/(Loss) (N’000)
    Year ended March 31, 2017 (44,450)
    Year ended March 31, 2018 (23,140)
    Year ended March 31, 2019 8,700
  3. Both the qualifying capital expenditure on property, plant, and equipment and adjusted profits/(losses) were certified by the Federal Inland Revenue Service.
  4. The company made a gross turnover of N312,450,000 and an adjusted profit of N52,250,000 during the year ended March 31, 2020.
  5. Extract from the Statement of Profit or Loss for the Year Ended March 31, 2021:
    Item Amount (N’000)
    Gross turnover 320,220
    Less: Cost of sales (176,550)
    Gross profit 143,670
    Expenses
    Salaries and wages 48,430
    Transport and traveling 2,360
    Motor running expenses 1,580
    Postage and telephone 1,150
    Bank charges 870
    Repairs and maintenance 3,660
    Auditors’ remuneration 1,500
    Legal and professional fees 2,000
    Depreciation 15,770
    Donations 1,600
    Allowance for doubtful debts 7,000
    Administrative expenses 10,070
    Total Expenses 95,990
    Net Profit 47,680
  6. Notes:
    • Legal and Professional Fees: Includes N1,400,000 paid for land acquisition for the business.
    • Allowance for Doubtful Debts: Includes N1,350,000 for specific provision, N4,150,000 for general provision, and N1,500,000 for bad debts written off.
    • Administrative Expenses: Includes N850,000 paid for a feasibility study on a proposed product line.
    • Qualifying Capital Expenditure Schedule for the year ended March 31, 2021:
      Asset Type Date of Acquisition Amount (N’000)
      Motor vehicles (2) April 15, 2020 3,200
      Plant (1) July 1, 2020 5,000
      Furniture and fittings (4) February 13, 2021 1,200

Required:

As the company’s Tax Manager, you are to prepare a report for the attention of the Managing Director showing the company’s:

a. Adjusted profit for the year ended March 31, 2021

(6 Marks)
b. Tax liabilities for the 2021 and 2022 assessment years (24 Marks)
(Total: 30 Marks)

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  • 12 Marks

FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q5b – Accounting for Income Taxes (IAS 12)

Calculate Shakara Limited's income tax liability, deferred tax balance, and movement of deferred tax.

Shakara Limited was incorporated on January 1, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the company made a profit before taxation of N18,150,000.

The following capital expenditure were made during the year:

Expenditure N’000
Plant and machinery 7,200
Motor vehicles 1,800

The depreciation charged for the year amounted to N1,650,000, and capital allowance granted by the Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS) for the same period amounted to N2,250,000.

Company income tax rate is 30%, and deferred tax liability brought forward was N1,200,000.

Required:
i. Calculate the company income tax liability for the year ended December 31, 2022. (3 Marks)

ii. Calculate the deferred tax balance that should be disclosed in the statement of financial position of Shakara Limited as at December 31, 2022. (3 Marks)

iii. Prepare notes showing the movement of deferred tax charged to profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2022. (3 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

TAX – May 2015 – L2 – SC – Q6 – Value-Added Tax (VAT)

Analyze VAT compliance, loss carry forward, and compute tax liabilities for Hidden Treasures Limited based on provided financial data.

HIDDEN TREASURES Limited is an agro-allied and trading organisation which specialises in Crop and Grain production, Animal husbandry, Sale and distribution of Grains (i.e. cowpeas, guinea corn, millet, rice, beans and groundnuts).

The company has been in business for many years and it has been filing annual Income Tax returns regularly except VAT returns. On 16 March 2015, the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) served a notice of Tax Audit covering 2010 – 2014 financial years.

The management believed erroneously that since it deals in VAT exempt goods, it did not need to file VAT returns on a monthly basis.

In preparation for the visit of the FIRS, the company’s management invited you on 23 March 2015, to their office and gave you the following extracts from the company’s Statement of Comprehensive Income and agreed Capital Allowances:

Year ended Agric Production (₦) Grain Distribution (₦)
Year ended 30/09/2010 Loss (770,000) (225,000)
Year ended 30/09/2011 Profit 630,000 280,000
Year ended 30/09/2012 Loss (600,000) (150,000)
Year ended 30/09/2013 Profit 990,000 140,000
Year ended 30/09/2014 Profit 30,000 120,000

Agreed Capital Allowances are as follows:

Tax Year Capital Allowance (₦)
2011 70,000
2012 65,000
2013 125,000
2014 115,750
2015 85,000

You are required to:

a. State the provisions of the VAT law with regard to rendition of returns by Vatable persons. (2 Marks)

b. Show by analysis the amount of losses carried forward under each income head shown above. (8 Marks)

c. Compute the tax liabilities for each year. (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

TAX – May 2015 – L2 – SC – Q5 – Companies Income Tax (CIT)

Schedule of capital expenditure allocation for Covenant Construction Limited with assessment basis and treatment of capital expenditure.

Covenant Construction Limited commenced business on 3 August 2011, making up accounts to 31 July annually. The schedule of assets acquired prior to commencement of the business is as shown below:

Description ₦
Tractors and Grader 7,500,000
Motor vehicles for field operations 13,500,000
Construction site (Factory building) 11,250,000
Furniture, Fixtures and Fittings 778,250

Covenant Construction Limited won another contract and additional assets were purchased as stated below:

Date of Purchase Description Number of Items Cost (₦)
Nov. 2011 Plant & Machinery 3 580,000
April 2012 Motor vehicle 1 1,375,000
Aug. 2012 Building 1 1,350,000
Jan. 2013 Generator 1 450,000
June 2013 Factory extension 1 575,000
Nov. 2013 Pick-up van 2 1,050,000

At the last Board meeting, the Directors argued on what benefits will accrue to Covenant Construction Limited on Capital Expenditure incurred before and after commencement of business.

They were also interested in knowing the years that will be affected and the impact it will have on the company’s Total Profit.

You have been invited by the Finance Director of the company who asked you to look into these matters. The Finance Director has asked you to specifically address the following:

Required:

a. Prepare the schedule of Capital Expenditure Allocation and identify the Qualifying Expenditure based on which Capital Allowances are claimable: i. Normal basis of assessment (5 Marks)
ii. Revised basis of assessment (based on taxpayer’s right of election) (5 Marks)

b. Explain the treatment of Capital Expenditure acquired by Covenant Construction Limited before it commenced business on 3 August 2011. (2 Marks)

c. State the relevant tax years and corresponding basis period covered by the data above. (3 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

TAX – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q5 – Companies Income Tax (CIT)

Compute adjusted profit, tax ratios, total profit, and income tax for Kenky Limited.

Kenky Limited, an Austrian company, operates cable undertakings in Nigeria and has significant business in several African countries. The Nigerian Revenue Authority disputed the company’s financial returns, resulting in a Best of Judgement (BoJ) Assessment. Below is an extract from Kenky Limited’s income statement for the fiscal year ending 30 September 2012:

 

Notes:

  1. The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) considers both Nigerian and Austrian operations under specialized business taxation.
  2. The Austrian authority verified the Adjusted Profit and Depreciation Ratios.
  3. A donation to Jeje, totaling ₦40,000,000, is part of the overhead expenses.

Requirements: a. Compute the Adjusted Profit for the year. (4 Marks)
b. Determine the Adjusted Profit Ratio and Depreciation Ratio. (4 Marks)
c. Compute the Total Profits and Income Tax payable in Nigeria. (4 Marks)
d. List other business activities, besides cable messages, recognized under specialized business taxation. (3 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q2c – Petroleum Profits Tax (PPT)

Compute and explain the significance of adjusted profit, chargeable profit, and chargeable tax for Joji Petroleum Company.

Mr. Gillani Azurhi is considering investing in a petroleum company and has provided financial extracts of Joji Petroleum Company Limited for analysis.

Financial Data Provided:

Item N’000
Current year capital allowances 6,080
Previous years’ capital allowances b/f 8,901
Custom duty 125
Royalties not included in accounts 1,638
Loss brought forward 6,250
Petroleum Profits Tax payable 1,336

Tax Rate: 85%

Required:

Compute and explain the significance of each of the following:

i) Adjusted profit (9 Marks)
ii) Chargeable profit (2 Marks)
iii) Chargeable tax (2 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q1 – Corporate Tax Compliance and Reporting

Calculation of tax liabilities, corporate tax compliance, and adjustments in financial reporting.

Carrol Nigeria Limited, a medium-sized company, commenced business in 2011. The company has three subsidiaries in the manufacturing of household utensils and baby products. Over the last three years, its fortunes have dwindled due to high costs of imported raw materials, overheads, low patronage from customers, and increasing demands from the host communities for social amenities.

Due to the challenging business environment, the board decided in 2016 to reduce workforce and permanently close one of its subsidiaries. This led to the appointment of a young accountant with limited taxation and fiscal policy knowledge as the Group Accountant after two Finance Department staff were affected.

In the past three years, the company faced challenges with tax authorities on tax compliance. The Group Managing Director was embarrassed when informed by the tax officer that essential records necessary for determining tax liabilities were not maintained. Gaps were also observed in the annual returns filed by the company, and the Revenue Service is conducting a back duty audit.

The Group Managing Director has sought assistance in addressing these challenges and provided documents for recomputation of the company’s income tax liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2020.

The statement of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2020, is as follows:

Additional Information:

  1. Other income included ₦320,000 realized from the disposal of an old plant.
  2. Administrative expenses included ₦250,000 paid to a legal practitioner for the defense and release of the company’s driver caught by traffic officers.
  3. 30% of motor running expenses was expended on the personal expenses of the Managing Director.
  4. 20% of the donation was paid to a State Government fund assisting insurgent victims.
  5. Repairs and maintenance included ₦215,000 for erecting a gate destroyed during a youth protest.
  6. Allowance for doubtful debts comprised ₦600,000 in general provision and ₦400,000 in specific provision.
  7. Miscellaneous expenses included ₦450,000 for hamper gifts to customers during Sallah and Christmas.
  8. A review revealed the gross turnover was understated by ₦750,000.
  9. The following is the schedule of qualifying capital expenditure on property, plant, and equipment:
    Nature Date of Acquisition Amount (₦’000)
    Factory building September 8, 2016 3,800
    Furniture & fittings October 12, 2016 1,600
    Motor van June 19, 2018 4,200
    Factory building March 8, 2020 6,500
    Furniture & fittings April 15, 2020 2,000
    Industrial plant July 1, 2020 5,700
    Motor van December 20, 2020 4,240
  10. Unutilized capital allowances brought forward was ₦1,500,000, with a balancing charge of ₦155,000 on disposal of the old plant.

Required:
As the company’s tax consultant, prepare a report to the Group Managing Director covering the following:

a. Provisions of the Companies Income Tax Act CAP C21 LFN 2004 (as amended) and Finance Act 2020 regarding maintenance of books or records of accounts (4 Marks)

b. Back duty audit and its implications (4 Marks)

c. Computation of the company’s tax liabilities (with supporting schedules) for the relevant tax year (22 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AT – May 2024 – L3 – SB – Q2 – Taxation of Specialized Businesses

Calculation of hydrocarbon tax payable by New Rain Petroleum and analysis of tax implications for deep offshore investment.

New Rain Petroleum Company Limited has been operating in the onshore and shallow water areas of the Niger Delta region for over fifteen years. The company was granted a petroleum mining lease license in January 2021. In its bid to improve profitability, the company’s management intends to apply for a license to operate in the deep-sea area starting from 2025. The decision of the management is expected to be presented to the company members at the 2023 annual general meeting, scheduled in the second half of 2024.

The following financial data were extracted from the book of accounts of New Rain Petroleum Company for the year ended December 31, 2023:

Income N’ million
Fiscal value of crude oil sold 191,100
Value of condensate from associated gas 84,474
Value of natural gas liquid from associated gas 55,328
Other incidental income 151
Realized exchange gain 38
Gross total income 331,091
Expenses/Deductions N’ million
Royalty incurred and paid 86,200
First exploration wells cost 6,800
First two appraisal wells costs 18,700
Joint cost – terminalling 12,000
Gas reinjection wells cost 3,420
Salaries and wages 9,300
Power cost 1,650
NDDC charge 125
Concessional rentals 60,430
Depreciation of assets 13,860
Allowance for doubtful debts 2,400
Host community trust fund contribution 4,800
Stamp duty 16
Staff welfare 350
Travelling 180
Donations and subscription 6
Decommissioning and abandonment 1,300
Environmental remediation fund contribution 1,250
General expenses 500
Finance costs 1,750
Total Expenses 225,037
Net Profit 106,054

Additional Information:

  1. Data on Crude Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas Sales:
    Category Quantity (million barrels) Actual Price (USD) Fiscal Price (USD)
    Crude oil 5.25 70 72
    Condensate from associated gas 3.61 45 44
    Natural gas liquid from associated gas 2.80 38 40
  2. Omitted Record:
    • A balancing charge of N1,500,000 was made from the disposal of an old oil equipment platform, which was omitted from the records.
  3. Allowance for Doubtful Debts:
    Type of Provision N’ million
    Specific provisions 900
    General provisions 1,500
    Total 2,400
  4. Donations and Subscription:
    Recipient N’ million
    Recognized orphanage homes 3.0
    Host community’s cultural group 2.0
    Subscription to oil and gas association 1.0
    Total 6.0
  5. General Expenses:
    Expense N’ million
    Penalty for gas flare 250
    Printing of stationery items 140
    State government levy 110
    Total 500
  6. Agreed Capital Allowances:
    Category N’ million
    Brought forward 167
    For the year 2,105
    Total 2,272
  7. Production Allowance:
    Type of Operation N’ million
    Onshore operations 900
    Shallow water operation 1,700
    Total 2,600
  8. Exchange Rate: The exchange rate averaged N520 to 1 USD during the year.
  9. Assumption: Tax liabilities are to be paid in domestic (Naira) currency.

Required:
As the company’s Tax Manager, you are to advise the management, in accordance with the provisions of the Petroleum Industry Act 2021, on:

a. Hydrocarbon tax payable for the relevant assessment year (18 Marks)
b. Tax implications if the company decides to invest in deep offshore areas (2 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)+

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q5 – Capital Budgeting under Uncertainty

Analyze whether replacing a machine after three or four years is more beneficial based on economic costs and tax implications.

Kuku Plc. had a need for a machine. After four years of purchase, the machine will no longer be capable of efficient working at the level of use by the company. The company typically replaces machines every four years. The production manager has noted that in the fourth year, the machine will require additional maintenance to maintain normal efficiency. This raises the question of whether the machine should be replaced after three years instead of four years, as per company practice.

Relevant information is as follows:

(i) A new machine will cost N240,000. If retained for four years, it will have zero scrap value at the end. If retained for three years, it will have an estimated disposal value of N30,000. The machine qualifies for capital allowance of 20% on a reducing balance basis each year, except in the last year. In the final year, if the disposal proceeds are less than the tax written-down value, the difference will be an additional tax relief.

The machine is assumed to be bought and disposed of on the last day of the company’s accounting year.

(ii) The company tax rate is 30%, payable on the last day of the relevant accounting year.

(iii) Maintenance costs are covered by the supplier in the first year. In the second and third years, maintenance costs average N30,000 annually. In the fourth year, they increase to N60,000. Maintenance costs are tax-allowable and payable on the first day of the accounting year.

(iv) The company’s cost of capital is 15%.

Required:

a. Prepare calculations to determine whether it is economically beneficial to replace the machine after three years or four years. (12 Marks)

b. Discuss two additional factors that could influence the company’s replacement decision, including any potential weaknesses in the decision criteria. (3 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2023 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Calculate and compare NPV for two proposals involving equipment purchase vs. existing machinery for contract fulfillment.

Niko Plc, a large equity-financed company, has a year-end of December 31. It must fulfill a contract in Abuja and has two proposals to choose from: Proposal A (purchasing new machinery) and Proposal B (using existing machinery).

Proposal A:

  • Outlay of N312,500,000 on December 31, 2023, for new plant and machinery.
  • Projected net cash inflows (before tax, in nominal terms):
    • 2024: N200,000,000
    • 2025: N275,000,000
    • 2026: N350,000,000
  • Scrap value: N25,000,000 at end of 2026.

Proposal B:

  • Uses a machine with a net realizable value of N250 million, with an alternative sale value of N300 million on January 1, 2025, if unused.
  • Cash inflows (in nominal terms):
    • 2024: N350,000,000
    • 2025: N350,000,000
  • Labour costs:
    • 2024: N100 million (replacement staff cost of N110 million)
    • 2025: N108 million (replacement staff cost of N118.8 million)
  • Machine residual value: N0 at project end in 2025.

Additional Details:

  • Working capital: 10% of year-end cash inflows, released upon project completion.
  • Expected annual inflation rates: 2024 – 10%, 2025 – 8%, 2026 – 6%, 2027 – 5%.
  • Real cost of capital: 10%.
  • Income tax: 40%, payable one year after the accounting period.
  • Capital allowances: 20% reducing balance for Proposal A’s plant and machinery.

Required:

  • a. Calculate the NPV at December 31, 2023, for each proposal. (17 Marks)
  • b. State any reservations about making an investment decision based on these NPV figures. (3 Marks)

Answer:

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  • 30 Marks

AT- Nov 2022 – L3 – Q1 – Income Taxes (IAS 12)

Calculate adjusted profit and tax liabilities for Owoeye Machine Tools, considering pioneer period capital allowances.

As a result of the developing nature of Nigeria’s economy, there are some industries and products that are not well developed on a scale that can adequately cater to the needs of the populace. One of the investment incentives available to industries and products in this category is contained in the Industrial Development (Income Tax Relief) Act 1971. Application has to be made to the Federal Government to enjoy any of these numerous investment incentives.

Owoeye Machine Tools Nigeria Limited was incorporated on January 20, 2016, and was initially granted a pioneer certificate on April 1, 2016. At the end of the pioneer period, the company, due to negligence, failed to follow due process in applying for an extension of the pioneer certificate. The company retained March 31 as its financial year-end. The following records and information were obtained from the company:

  1. Qualifying Capital Expenditure on property, plant, and equipment (certified by the Federal Inland Revenue Service) incurred during the pioneer period:
    Asset Type Amount (N’000)
    Industrial building 23,800
    Building (non-industrial) 11,600
    Motor vehicles 6,200
    Plant 10,400
    Furniture and fittings 5,800
  2. Statement of Adjusted Profits/(Losses) during the Pioneer Period:
    Period Profit/(Loss) (N’000)
    Year ended March 31, 2017 (44,450)
    Year ended March 31, 2018 (23,140)
    Year ended March 31, 2019 8,700
  3. Both the qualifying capital expenditure on property, plant, and equipment and adjusted profits/(losses) were certified by the Federal Inland Revenue Service.
  4. The company made a gross turnover of N312,450,000 and an adjusted profit of N52,250,000 during the year ended March 31, 2020.
  5. Extract from the Statement of Profit or Loss for the Year Ended March 31, 2021:
    Item Amount (N’000)
    Gross turnover 320,220
    Less: Cost of sales (176,550)
    Gross profit 143,670
    Expenses
    Salaries and wages 48,430
    Transport and traveling 2,360
    Motor running expenses 1,580
    Postage and telephone 1,150
    Bank charges 870
    Repairs and maintenance 3,660
    Auditors’ remuneration 1,500
    Legal and professional fees 2,000
    Depreciation 15,770
    Donations 1,600
    Allowance for doubtful debts 7,000
    Administrative expenses 10,070
    Total Expenses 95,990
    Net Profit 47,680
  6. Notes:
    • Legal and Professional Fees: Includes N1,400,000 paid for land acquisition for the business.
    • Allowance for Doubtful Debts: Includes N1,350,000 for specific provision, N4,150,000 for general provision, and N1,500,000 for bad debts written off.
    • Administrative Expenses: Includes N850,000 paid for a feasibility study on a proposed product line.
    • Qualifying Capital Expenditure Schedule for the year ended March 31, 2021:
      Asset Type Date of Acquisition Amount (N’000)
      Motor vehicles (2) April 15, 2020 3,200
      Plant (1) July 1, 2020 5,000
      Furniture and fittings (4) February 13, 2021 1,200

Required:

As the company’s Tax Manager, you are to prepare a report for the attention of the Managing Director showing the company’s:

a. Adjusted profit for the year ended March 31, 2021

(6 Marks)
b. Tax liabilities for the 2021 and 2022 assessment years (24 Marks)
(Total: 30 Marks)

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  • 12 Marks

FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q5b – Accounting for Income Taxes (IAS 12)

Calculate Shakara Limited's income tax liability, deferred tax balance, and movement of deferred tax.

Shakara Limited was incorporated on January 1, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the company made a profit before taxation of N18,150,000.

The following capital expenditure were made during the year:

Expenditure N’000
Plant and machinery 7,200
Motor vehicles 1,800

The depreciation charged for the year amounted to N1,650,000, and capital allowance granted by the Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS) for the same period amounted to N2,250,000.

Company income tax rate is 30%, and deferred tax liability brought forward was N1,200,000.

Required:
i. Calculate the company income tax liability for the year ended December 31, 2022. (3 Marks)

ii. Calculate the deferred tax balance that should be disclosed in the statement of financial position of Shakara Limited as at December 31, 2022. (3 Marks)

iii. Prepare notes showing the movement of deferred tax charged to profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2022. (3 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

TAX – May 2015 – L2 – SC – Q6 – Value-Added Tax (VAT)

Analyze VAT compliance, loss carry forward, and compute tax liabilities for Hidden Treasures Limited based on provided financial data.

HIDDEN TREASURES Limited is an agro-allied and trading organisation which specialises in Crop and Grain production, Animal husbandry, Sale and distribution of Grains (i.e. cowpeas, guinea corn, millet, rice, beans and groundnuts).

The company has been in business for many years and it has been filing annual Income Tax returns regularly except VAT returns. On 16 March 2015, the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) served a notice of Tax Audit covering 2010 – 2014 financial years.

The management believed erroneously that since it deals in VAT exempt goods, it did not need to file VAT returns on a monthly basis.

In preparation for the visit of the FIRS, the company’s management invited you on 23 March 2015, to their office and gave you the following extracts from the company’s Statement of Comprehensive Income and agreed Capital Allowances:

Year ended Agric Production (₦) Grain Distribution (₦)
Year ended 30/09/2010 Loss (770,000) (225,000)
Year ended 30/09/2011 Profit 630,000 280,000
Year ended 30/09/2012 Loss (600,000) (150,000)
Year ended 30/09/2013 Profit 990,000 140,000
Year ended 30/09/2014 Profit 30,000 120,000

Agreed Capital Allowances are as follows:

Tax Year Capital Allowance (₦)
2011 70,000
2012 65,000
2013 125,000
2014 115,750
2015 85,000

You are required to:

a. State the provisions of the VAT law with regard to rendition of returns by Vatable persons. (2 Marks)

b. Show by analysis the amount of losses carried forward under each income head shown above. (8 Marks)

c. Compute the tax liabilities for each year. (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

TAX – May 2015 – L2 – SC – Q5 – Companies Income Tax (CIT)

Schedule of capital expenditure allocation for Covenant Construction Limited with assessment basis and treatment of capital expenditure.

Covenant Construction Limited commenced business on 3 August 2011, making up accounts to 31 July annually. The schedule of assets acquired prior to commencement of the business is as shown below:

Description ₦
Tractors and Grader 7,500,000
Motor vehicles for field operations 13,500,000
Construction site (Factory building) 11,250,000
Furniture, Fixtures and Fittings 778,250

Covenant Construction Limited won another contract and additional assets were purchased as stated below:

Date of Purchase Description Number of Items Cost (₦)
Nov. 2011 Plant & Machinery 3 580,000
April 2012 Motor vehicle 1 1,375,000
Aug. 2012 Building 1 1,350,000
Jan. 2013 Generator 1 450,000
June 2013 Factory extension 1 575,000
Nov. 2013 Pick-up van 2 1,050,000

At the last Board meeting, the Directors argued on what benefits will accrue to Covenant Construction Limited on Capital Expenditure incurred before and after commencement of business.

They were also interested in knowing the years that will be affected and the impact it will have on the company’s Total Profit.

You have been invited by the Finance Director of the company who asked you to look into these matters. The Finance Director has asked you to specifically address the following:

Required:

a. Prepare the schedule of Capital Expenditure Allocation and identify the Qualifying Expenditure based on which Capital Allowances are claimable: i. Normal basis of assessment (5 Marks)
ii. Revised basis of assessment (based on taxpayer’s right of election) (5 Marks)

b. Explain the treatment of Capital Expenditure acquired by Covenant Construction Limited before it commenced business on 3 August 2011. (2 Marks)

c. State the relevant tax years and corresponding basis period covered by the data above. (3 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

TAX – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q5 – Companies Income Tax (CIT)

Compute adjusted profit, tax ratios, total profit, and income tax for Kenky Limited.

Kenky Limited, an Austrian company, operates cable undertakings in Nigeria and has significant business in several African countries. The Nigerian Revenue Authority disputed the company’s financial returns, resulting in a Best of Judgement (BoJ) Assessment. Below is an extract from Kenky Limited’s income statement for the fiscal year ending 30 September 2012:

 

Notes:

  1. The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) considers both Nigerian and Austrian operations under specialized business taxation.
  2. The Austrian authority verified the Adjusted Profit and Depreciation Ratios.
  3. A donation to Jeje, totaling ₦40,000,000, is part of the overhead expenses.

Requirements: a. Compute the Adjusted Profit for the year. (4 Marks)
b. Determine the Adjusted Profit Ratio and Depreciation Ratio. (4 Marks)
c. Compute the Total Profits and Income Tax payable in Nigeria. (4 Marks)
d. List other business activities, besides cable messages, recognized under specialized business taxation. (3 Marks)

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