Level: Level 3

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ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q4 – Taxation of Specialized Businesses

Compute tax liabilities and discuss incentives for Dutse Mines in mining solid minerals

Question

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Question:

As investors and policymakers adapt to the global energy transition in a bid to offer an effective hedge against swings in oil prices, the Federal Government has recognised that it is beneficial for the country to diversify its economy. The attention of the country is now towards the development of the solid minerals sector. The Nigeria Minerals and Mining Act 2007 (as amended) was enacted to regulate the industry. Incentives for operators in the sector are as provided for in Section 5 of the Act.

One of the earliest investors in the mining sector, Dutse Mines (Nigeria) Limited, was granted a mining title by the Mining Cadastre Office (MCO) for exploitation of limestone in Nkalagu in the south-eastern zone of Nigeria in 2008. In spite of so many challenges the company is facing, it has managed to remain afloat in business.

The company has, of recent, been having tax disputes with the relevant tax authority, and your firm of chartered accountants has been engaged to help resolve them. In the 2022 tax returns filed by the company, the major area of dispute between the company and the tax authority was disparity in the treatment of certified exploration and processing expenditure of ₦60,000,000 incurred during the course of the year.

Your firm is provided with the following extracts (and supporting documents) from the books of the company for the year ended December 31, 2021:

Additional Information:

Sundry income included ₦8,500,000 realised as profit from disposal of the old excavating machine.
Allowance for doubtful debts consisted of:
- Bad debts written off: ₦2,500,000
- General allowance for doubtful debts: ₦10,500,000
- Specific allowance for doubtful debts: ₦8,000,000
- Loan to customer written off: ₦5,000,000
Donation included ₦5,000,000 given to victims of environmental degradation, as part of the company’s social responsibility to the host community.
Legal fees included ₦750,000 paid as a penalty for late filing of tax returns.
The tax written down values of qualifying capital expenditure at the end of 2021 tax year were:
- Motor vehicles (2 years remaining): ₦25,000,000
- Furniture and fittings (utilised for 2 years): ₦22,500,000
- Mining expenditure (6 years remaining): ₦40,000,000

Required:

As the Manager (Tax Matters) assigned to handle this matter, you are to forward the report to your Senior Partner (Tax Matters) showing:

a. Computation of tax liabilities of the company for the relevant assessment year (14 Marks).
b. Comments on tax incentives available to a company in the mining of solid minerals in Nigeria (6 Marks).

Answer

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Tags: Allowable and Disallowable Expenses, Mining Taxation, Tax Incentives, Tax Liability Computation
Level: Level 3

Topic: Taxation of Specialized Businesses

ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q3 – Capital Gains Tax (CGT)

Address the principles of disposal under CGT Act, and compute CGT for transactions in Ikeja, Calabar, Abuja, and Kano.

Question

Disposal of assets is an important concept in the determination of capital gains tax payable. Section 6 of the Capital Gains Tax Act 2004 (as amended) specifically provides that a disposal of assets by a person occurs where any capital sum is derived from a sale, lease, transfer, an assignment, a compulsory acquisition, or any other disposition of assets, notwithstanding that no asset is acquired by the person paying the capital sum. In the same vein, Section 2 (4) of the Finance Act 2020 states the period for filing of self-assessment returns and when payment of the tax computed in respect of chargeable assets disposed of is to be made.

Nice-One Nigeria Limited, a manufacturing concern, with head office in Calabar and branches in Ikeja, Kano, and Abuja, has been in business for several years, reporting its accounts to December 31 of every year. The extracts from the books of accounts of the company during the year ended December 31, 2021, revealed the following transactions:

(i) Disposal of an option
On February 1, 2021, the company sold an option on a piece of land in Ikeja for the sum of ₦8,500,000 to Eco-Raheem Limited, which subsequently exercised the right by purchasing the land for ₦32,200,000.

(ii) Acquisition of asset in exchange for debt
On March 15, 2021, one of the company’s debtors in Calabar, Mr. Baba Tee, reached an agreement with the company by exchanging his piece of land, which was valued at ₦15,000,000, for the debt of ₦13,500,000. The company, on May 7, 2021, disposed of the land for ₦18,000,000. Incidental expenses incurred towards the disposal of the land were ₦250,000.

(iii) Disposal of a building
The company has a staff estate, which comprises five buildings in its Abuja branch. In order to source funds to construct a new staff estate in Kano, the company, on August 12, 2021, sold one of its buildings in the Abuja estate for ₦110,000,000. The cost of acquisition of the five buildings in the estate was ₦250,000,000. The cost of acquisition of the building sold was ₦75,000,000, while the remaining buildings unsold were professionally valued at ₦240,000,000. The company also incurred for the purpose of the disposal of the building, ₦400,000 on building repairs and a professional valuer’s fee of ₦1,100,000.

(iv) Disposal of industrial plants
One of the company’s industrial plants in the Kano branch, which cost ₦4,500,000, was disposed of on September 15, 2021, for ₦6,000,000. A new plant was bought for the purpose of the company’s operations the following month for ₦8,000,000. During the installation of the new plant, it was found that the plant could not efficiently satisfy the requirements of the company and it was subsequently sold on December 2, 2021, as “second-hand” for ₦7,300,000. The company incurred the sum of ₦25,000 as disposal expenses.

The Managing Director of the company is of the opinion that issues around the transactions undertaken by the company in the financial year are “technical,” which only competent professional accountants with experience in tax matters can conveniently handle. Accordingly, your firm of accountants was contacted to help provide tax advice on each of the above transactions.

Required:

You have been directed by your firm’s Head (Tax Matters) to take charge of the assignment and submit a report to him by the close of work in three days.

Your report should specifically cover:
(a) The principles of disposal as provided for in Section 6 of the Capital Gains Tax Act 2004 (as amended) (3 Marks).
(b) Computation of capital gains tax payable and when the tax due is to be paid to the relevant tax authority for the following stated transactions:
i. Disposal of an option in Ikeja branch (2 Marks).
ii. Acquisition of asset in exchange for debt in Calabar head office (3 Marks).
iii. Disposal of a building in Abuja branch (4 Marks).
iv. Disposal of industrial plants in Kano branch (8 Marks).

Answer

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Tags: Capital gains tax, CGT Act, Compliance, Disposal of assets
Level: Level 3

Topic: Capital Gains Tax (CGT)

ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q2 – Emerging Trends in Taxation

Discuss technology-driven tools, their impact, and challenges in tax practice and administration.

Question

Professional accountants engaged in tax practice or tax administration are often confronted with challenges due to the changing operating environment, particularly disruptive technologies. While clients demand cutting-edge services, many tax administrators in Nigeria still carry out their work manually.

In a seminar organised by ICAN, you highlighted that leveraging information technology could help tax practitioners and administrators enhance their work and remain relevant in today’s dynamic environment.

After the seminar, a principal partner of a traditional accounting firm approached you to organise a two-day in-house training for his staff on “Technological tools, impact, and challenges to tax practice and administration.”

Required:

Prepare a paper focusing on the following areas:
a. Identification and explanation of FOUR technology-driven tools that tax practitioners and administrators could use to enhance their work and reporting (8 Marks).
b. The impact of the identified technology-driven tools on tax practice and administration (8 Marks).
c. Challenges of technology-driven tools to tax practice and administration (4 Marks).

Answer

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Level: Level 3

Topic: Emerging Trends in Taxation

ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q1 – Taxation of Companies

Determination of tax liabilities, treatment of donations, and exemptions of dividends based on CIT Act provisions.

Question

Dadinkowa Nigeria Limited has been in business since 2009 as a manufacturer of sugar cubes. The company sources its raw materials, sugar cane, from the Northern part of the country. However, due to local security challenges, the company has faced supply disruptions since 2016.

Additionally, the company has disagreements with tax authorities regarding the treatment of certain items (e.g., donations and dividend income) in their financial statements and returns. High overhead costs, especially energy expenses, have worsened operational challenges.

At a recent board meeting, the directors proposed either a temporary closure or relocating to a neighboring country if conditions do not improve in the next fiscal year. The General Manager shared this with you during your visit as the company’s tax consultant, seeking your advice to address these issues.

A scheduled meeting with the Managing Director requires you to prepare a comprehensive tax report addressing:

Determination of the company’s tax liabilities for the relevant tax year.
Analysis of the treatment of donations and exemptions of dividend income under the Companies Income Tax Act (CITA).

The profit or loss account for the year ended December 31, 2021, is as follows:

Profit or Loss Account:

Extract from the company’s statement of financial position as at December 31, 2021 revealed:

The following additional information was made available:

(v) Interest on loan was paid on a facility obtained from a licensed Nigerian deposit money bank at commercial interest rate.
(vi) General and administrative expenses were made up of:

(vii) Donations and subscriptions
Included in donations was N12,000,000 paid to a fund created by the Federal Government for victims of communal crisis that took place where the company is situated.
(viii) The tax written down values of the qualifying capital expenditure (QCE) items as at December 31, 2020 were:

(ix) Additions to QCEs during the year ended December 31, 2021 were:

(x) Unrelieved capital allowances brought forward were N15,200,000.
(xi) Unabsorbed losses from previous years were:

Required:

As the company’s Tax Consultant, you are to draft a report to the Managing Director for the scheduled meeting expected to hold next week. This is expected to address the following:
a. Determination of the company’s tax liabilities for the relevant tax year. (20 Marks)
b. Comment, in line with the provisions of Companies Income Tax Act Cap C21 LFN 2004 (as amended) on:
i. The treatment of donations made by the company during the year under review (5 Marks)
ii. Exemption of dividends from taxation (5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Allowable and Disallowable Expenses, Capital allowances, Dividend Exemptions, Donations, Tax Incentives, Taxation of Companies
Level: Level 3

Topic: Taxation of Companies

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q7b – Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

Discuss the content required in the Governance Report of corporate entities as mandated by SEC Nigeria.

Question

The Securities and Exchange Commission, Nigeria (SEC) requires that the annual report of all quoted companies should include a corporate governance statement. To this effect, general requirements for the content of the Governance Report are clearly spelt out.

Required:

Discuss the content of the Governance Report of corporate entities. (5 Marks)

Answer

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Level: Level 3

Topic: Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q7a – Ethical Issues in Corporate Reporting

Discuss unethical organizational acts and recommend the actions the Chief Accountant should take in a scenario of misrepresentation in financial reporting.

Question

Femmy PLC operates in a city where a major insurance company has just announced a restructuring that will lay off 4,000 employees. For Femmy PLC, accounts receivable represents one of the major assets of the company. Although the company’s annual uncollectible accounts are not out of line, they are material in size. The company is about to submit its application for a bank loan. Sales and net income have declined in the past year, and some customers are falling behind in settling their accounts.

A steady financial performance is necessary to be able to secure the anticipated bank loan. Therefore, management felt there is the need to underestimate the uncollectible accounts this year to show a small growth in earnings. They believe that future successful years will average out the losses.

More so, since the company has a history of success, the adjustments are seen as mere accounting measures and estimates. The Chief Accountant viewed management’s action as unethical.

Required:
i. Discuss the meaning of unethical acts by organizations. (5 Marks)
ii. What should the Chief Accountant do under this circumstance? (5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Earnings Management, Financial Reporting Ethics, Professional Ethics, Unethical Accounting Practices
Level: Level 3

Topic: Ethical Issues in Corporate Reporting

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q6 – Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

Discuss the rationale for different regulatory frameworks and analyze sources of corporate financial reporting regulations in Nigeria.

Question

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are sets of accounting standards, and it is unrealistic to assume that these standards could not replace those based around rules. However, where a rule-based system has been in operation, there is likely to be an expansion of ethical challenges for both accountants and auditors involved with financial statements if a principles-based approach is adopted. Therefore, regulatory authorities need to ensure ethical practices to achieve high-quality financial statements. This is drawing attention to the need for closer or greater monitoring. Apart from this fact, corporate financial reporting regulations have been in operation before the advent of IFRS.

Required:

a. Appraise the rationale behind different regulatory frameworks for corporate financial reporting. (8 Marks)

b. Analyze in detail the various sources of regulations for corporate financial reporting in Nigeria. (7 Marks)

Answer

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Level: Level 3

Topic: Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q5 – Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

Discuss the benefits and criticisms of principle-based accounting standards and the consequences of transitioning from rule-based to principle-based standards.

Question

The debate over principle-based and rule-based accounting standards has increased as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) seek to converge accounting standards for global uniformity. There have been divergent opinions as to whether rule-based standards are superior to principle-based standards and whether principle-based standards pose greater ethical challenges to accountants than rule-based standards.

Required:

a. What are the major benefits and basic criticisms of principle-based accounting standards? (10 Marks)

b. What are the consequences of transiting from rule-based to principle-based accounting standards? (5 Marks)

Answer

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Level: Level 3

Topic: Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q4 – Business Combinations (IFRS 3)

Evaluate the impact of restructuring plans on individual and group accounts for Tanimo PLC and its subsidiaries.

Question

Emili PLC and Wagbo PLC are both public limited companies wholly owned by Tanimo PLC, also a public limited company. Tanimo group PLC operates in the agro-allied industry; but the directors felt that the current structure does not serve their intended purpose and are therefore considering two different restructuring plans for the group.

The statements of financial position of Tanimo PLC and its subsidiaries Emili PLC and Wagbo PLC as at May 31, 2021, are as follows:

Statements of Financial Position as at May 31, 2021

Item	Tanimo PLC (Nm)	Emili PLC (Nm)	Wagbo PLC (Nm)
Property, Plant, and Equipment	600	200	45
Cost of Investment in Emili PLC	60	–	–
Cost of Investment in Wagbo PLC	70	–	–
Net Current Assets	160	100	20
Total Assets	890	300	65
Equity & Liabilities:
Share Capital (Ordinary Shares of N1 each)	120	60	40
Retained Earnings	770	240	25
Total Equity & Liabilities	890	300	65

Tanimo PLC acquired the investment in Wagbo PLC on June 1, 2015, when the company’s retained earnings balance was N20 million. The fair value of the net assets of Wagbo PLC on June 1, 2015, was N60 million.

Emili PLC was incorporated by Tanimo PLC on June 1, 2015, and has always been a wholly owned subsidiary. The fair value of the net assets of Emili PLC as at May 31, 2021, was N310 million, and of Wagbo PLC, it was N80 million. The fair values of the net current assets of both Emili PLC and Wagbo PLC are approximately the same as their carrying amounts.

The directors are not certain what effects the following plans would have on the individual accounts of the companies and the group accounts. Local companies’ legislation requires that the amount at which share capital is recorded is dictated by the nominal value of the shares issued, and if the value of the consideration received exceeds that amount, the excess is recorded in the share premium account. Shares cannot be issued at a discount. In the case of a share-for-share exchange, the value of the consideration can be deemed to be the carrying amount of the investment exchanged.

It is the group’s policy to value non-controlling interests at its proportionate share of the fair value of the subsidiary’s identifiable net assets.

The two different plans to restructure the group are as follows:

Plan 1
- Emili PLC is to purchase the whole of Tanimo’s PLC investment in Wagbo PLC.
- The directors are undecided as to whether the purchase consideration should be 50 million N1 ordinary shares of Emili PLC or a cash amount of N75 million.
Plan 2
- The assets and trade of Wagbo PLC are to be transferred to Emili PLC at their carrying amount.
- Wagbo PLC would initially become a non-trading company.
- The consideration for the transfer will be N60 million, which will be left outstanding on the intercompany account between Emili PLC and Wagbo PLC.

Required:

Discuss the key considerations and the accounting implications of the above plans for the Tanimo PLC group. Your answer should show the potential impact on the individual accounts of Tanimo PLC, Emili PLC, and Wagbo PLC and the group accounts after each plan has been implemented.

Answer

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Tags: Consolidation, Goodwill, Group Restructuring, Intercompany Balances, Non-Controlling Interests, Share Exchange
Level: Level 3

Topic: Business Combinations (IFRS 3)

CR – Dec 2020 – L3 – Q3 – Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

Discuss SEC risk management provisions and analyse components of effective risk reports and their benefits to financial institutions.

Question

Exposure to a variety of risks may affect the ability to achieve corporate objectives, thereby making risk management a corporate governance issue. Risk reports enable stakeholders to evaluate the importance attached to risk management and the company’s effectiveness in managing identified risks. Therefore, risk reports boost shareholders’ confidence that the company has adopted a responsible attitude towards risk.

As part of the regulatory framework to manage risk, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) provided several guidelines for rules and content of effective risk reports.

Required:

a. Discuss the regulatory risk management provisions by SEC in Nigeria. (10 Marks)

b. Analyse the components of effective risk reports and state the benefits of their application to financial institutions in Nigeria. (10 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Corporate Governance, Financial Institutions, Risk Management, Risk Reports, SEC Guidelines
Level: Level 3

Topic: Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q6 – Dividend Policy

Evaluate the comments in Neko Plc's annual report regarding dividend policy, share price, cost reduction, and tax minimization strategies.

Question

Neko Plc has issued the following statement as part of its annual report:
“This company aims at all times to serve its shareholders by paying a high level of dividends and adopting strategies that will increase the company’s share price. Satisfying our shareholders will ensure our success. The company will reduce costs by manufacturing overseas wherever possible and will attempt to minimize the company’s global tax bill by using tax haven facilities.”

Required:
a. Discuss the validity and implications of each of the comments and strategies in the above statement. (10 Marks)

b. Produce a short note outlining how the company should estimate its dividend capacity. (5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Cost Minimization, Dividend Capacity, Shareholder Value, Tax Haven Strategies
Level: Level 3

Topic: Dividend Policy

FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q5b – Corporate Governance and Financial Strategy

Discuss ways to motivate managers to align with and achieve stakeholder objectives.

Question

b. Discuss FOUR ways to encourage managers to achieve stakeholder objectives. (6 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Corporate Governance, Managerial Incentives, Performance Measurement, Stakeholder Objectives
Level: Level 3

Topic: Corporate Governance and Financial Strategy

FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q5a – Strategic Performance Measurement

Evaluate TAXIM Plc’s financial performance in achieving profit growth, EPS growth, and shareholder return objectives.

Question

The following financial information relates to TAXIM Plc, a listed company:

Year	2021	2020	2019
Profit before interest and tax (₦m)	18.3	17.7	17.1
Profit after tax (₦m)	12.8	12.4	12.0
Dividends (₦m)	5.1	5.1	4.8
Equity market value (₦m)	56.4	55.2	54.0

TAXIM Plc has 12 million ordinary shares in issue and has not issued any new shares in the period under review. The company is financed entirely by equity.

The annual report of TAXIM Plc states that the company has three financial objectives:

Objective 1: To achieve growth in profit before interest and tax of 4% per year.
Objective 2: To achieve growth in earnings per share of 3.5% per year.
Objective 3: To achieve total shareholder return of 5% per year.

TAXIM Plc has a cost of equity of 12% per year.

Required:
Analyse and discuss the extent to which TAXIM Plc has achieved each of its stated objectives. (9 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: EPS Growth, Financial objectives, Profit Growth, Shareholder Return
Level: Level 3

Topic: Strategic Performance Measurement

FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q4 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Evaluate the implications of equity financing decisions, analyze pre-emptive rights, estimate share price, and explore factors affecting price movement.

Question

The directors of Kenny plc wish to make an equity issue to finance an ₦800 million expansion scheme, with an expected net present value of ₦110 million. It is also to re-finance an existing 15% term loan of ₦500 million and pay off a penalty of ₦35 million for early redemption of the loan.

Kenny has obtained approval from its shareholders to suspend their pre-emptive rights and for the company to make a ₦1,500 million placement of shares, which will be at the price of 185 kobo per share. Issue costs are estimated to be 4 per cent of gross proceeds. Any surplus funds from the issue will be invested in commercial paper, which is currently yielding 9 per cent per year.

Kenny’s current capital structure is summarised below:

₦ million
Ordinary shares (25 kobo per share)	800
Share premium	1,120
Revenue reserves	2,310
Total Equity	4,230
15% term loan	500
11% bond	900
Total Capital	5,630

The company’s current share price is 190 kobo, and bond price is ₦102. Kenny can raise bond or medium-term bank finance at 10 per cent per year.

The stock market may be assumed to be semi-strong form efficient, and no information about the proposed uses of funds from the issue has been made available to the public.

Taxation may be ignored.

Required:

a. Discuss FOUR factors that Kenny’s directors should have considered before deciding which form of financing to use. (6 Marks)

b. Explain what is meant by pre-emptive rights, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. (4 Marks)

c. Estimate Kenny’s expected share price once full details of the placement, and the uses to which the finance is to be put, are announced. (8 Marks)

d. Suggest two reasons why the share price might not move to the price that you estimated in (c) above. (2 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Equity Issue, Market Efficiency, NPV, Pre-emptive rights, Share Valuation
Level: Level 3

Topic: Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q3 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate Tinco Limited's expansion project using financial metrics, assess sensitivity to contribution and tax rate changes, and incorporate capital allowances.

Question

Tinco Limited (TL) is considering an expansion project. The project will involve the acquisition of an automated production machine costing ₦11,000,000 and payable now. The machine is expected to have a disposal value at the end of 5 years, which is equal to 10% of the initial expenditure.

The following schedule reflects a recent market survey regarding the estimated annual sales revenue from the expansion project over the project’s five-year life:

Level of Demand	₦’000	Probability
High	16,000	0.25
Medium	12,000	0.50
Low	8,000	0.25

It is expected that the contribution to sales ratio will be 50%. Additional expenditure on fixed overheads is expected to be ₦1,800,000 per annum. TL incurs a 20% tax rate on corporate profits. Corporate tax is paid one year in arrears.

TL’s after-tax nominal (money) discount rate is 15.5% per annum. A uniform inflation rate of 5% per annum will apply to all costs and revenues during the life of the project. All of the values above have been expressed in terms of current prices.

You can assume that all cash flows occur at the end of each year and that the initial investment does not qualify for capital allowances.

Required:

a.
i. Evaluate the proposed expansion from a financial perspective. (10 Marks)
ii. Calculate and interpret the sensitivity of the project to changes in:

The expected annual contribution (3 Marks)
The tax rate (2 Marks)

b.
You have now been advised that the capital cost of the expansion will qualify for written down allowances at the rate of 25% per annum on a reducing balance basis. Also, at the end of the project’s life, a balancing charge or allowance will arise equal to the difference between the scrap proceeds and the tax written down value.

You are required to calculate the financial impact of these allowances. (5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Capital Budgeting, Discount rate, NPV, Sensitivity Analysis, Tax Allowances
Level: Level 3

Topic: Investment Appraisal Techniques

FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q2 – Business Valuation Techniques

Analyze AHP’s intrinsic value using fundamental and technical analysis, apply the dividend valuation model, and evaluate EMH implications.

Question

You are a Financial Analyst at Tayo Research Group (TRG). You begin valuing Aba Hotels Plc (AHP), a thinly and infrequently traded stock currently selling at 217 kobo, cum 2021 dividend.

For estimating AHP’s required return on equity, TRG uses the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) approach, but you think its equity beta of 1.20 is not reliable because of the stock’s extremely thin trading volume. You have therefore obtained the beta and other pertinent data for Eko Hotel Plc (EHP) – (See Table 1), a midsized company in the same industry with high liquidity trading on the Nigerian Stock Exchange.

Table 1: Valuation Data for EHP

Parameter	Value
Asset beta	0.763
Debt beta	0.150
Debt ratio (D/D+E)	0.60
Effective tax rate (%)	30%

Summarised financial data for AHP is shown below:

Statement of Profit or Loss Account

Year	2019	2020	2021*
Sales (₦’000)	305,500	357,600	409,200
Taxable income (₦’000)	40,500	49,000	56,700
Taxation (₦’000)	(14,175)	(17,150)	(19,845)
Post-tax income (₦’000)	26,325	31,850	36,855
Dividend (₦’000)	(9,340)	(10,228)	(11,200)
Retained earnings (₦’000)	16,985	21,622	25,655

Statement of Financial Position

Year	2021*
Non-current assets (₦’000)	216,800
Current assets (₦’000)	158,000
Current liabilities (₦’000)	(104,800)
Net assets (₦’000)	270,000
Ordinary shares (₦0.50 par value)	80,000
Reserves (₦’000)	130,000
15% Bond 2026 (₦100 par value)	60,000

(*2021 figures are unaudited)

Other Relevant Information:

It has been estimated that the debt/equity ratio of AHP is 0.16 and the beta of its debt is 0.2.
The risk-free rate is 12% and the market risk premium is 5%.
AHP has an effective tax rate of 35%.
As a result of recent capital investment, stock market analysts expect post-tax earnings and dividends to increase by 25% for two years and then revert to the company’s existing growth rates.

Required:

a. Stock market analysts sometimes use fundamental analysis and sometimes technical analysis to forecast future share prices.
What are fundamental analysis and technical analysis? (4 Marks)

b. Using the dividend valuation model, estimate what a fundamental analyst might consider to be the intrinsic (or realistic) value of the company’s shares.
Comment upon the significance of your estimate for the fundamental analyst. (12 Marks)

c. Explain whether your answer to (b) above is consistent with the semi-strong and strong forms of the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH), and comment upon whether financial analysts serve any useful purpose in an efficient market. (4 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: CAPM, Dividend valuation, Efficient Markets, Fundamental Analysis, Technical Analysis
Level: Level 3

Topic: Business Valuation Techniques

FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Mergers and Acquisitions

Discuss the typical factors included in takeover regulations across countries.

Question

b. The regulation of takeovers varies from country to country.

Outline the typical factors that such a regulation includes. (4 Marks)

Answer

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Level: Level 3

Topic: Mergers and acquisitions

FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q1a – Business Valuation Techniques

Evaluate ZL's valuation using multiple methods and recommend whether KK should acquire ZL. Discuss takeover regulation factors.

Question

KK, a company quoted on the Stock Exchange, has cash balance of ₦230 million which are currently invested in short-term money market deposits. The cash is intended to be used primarily for strategic acquisitions, and the company has formed an acquisition committee with a remit to identify possible acquisition targets. The committee has suggested the purchase of ZL, a company in a different industry that is quoted on the AIM (Alternative Investment Market). Although ZL is quoted, approximately 50% of its shares are still owned by three directors. These directors have stated that they might be prepared to recommend the sale of ZL, but they consider that its shares are worth ₦220 million in total.

Summarised financial data:

Economic data:

Risk-free rate of return: 6% p.a.
Market return: 14% p.a.
Inflation rate: 2.4% p.a., expected to remain stable.

Expected effects of the acquisition:

50 employees of ZL would immediately be made redundant at an after-tax cost of ₦12 million. Pre-tax annual wage savings are expected to be ₦7.50 million (at current prices) for the foreseeable future.
Some land and buildings of ZL would be sold for ₦8 million (after tax).
Pre-tax advertising and distribution savings of ₦1.50 million per year (at current prices) would be possible.
The three existing directors of ZL would each be paid ₦1 million per year for three years for consultancy services. This amount would not increase with inflation.

Required:

a. Calculate the value of ZL based upon:
i. The use of comparative P/E ratios (3 Marks)
ii. The dividend valuation model (4 Marks)
iii. The present value of relevant operating cash flows over a 10-year period (10 Marks)
iv. Provide an evaluation of each of the three valuation methods in (i) to (iii) above. (7 Marks)
v. Recommend whether KK should go ahead with the offer for ZL. (2 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, Ethical considerations, Goodwill, Non-Controlling Interest, Pension obligations
Level: Level 3

Topic: Business Valuation Techniques

ATAX – May 2023 – L3 – Q7 – Tax Incentives and Reliefs

Explore tax incentives for mining businesses, gas utilisation operations, and companies eligible for road infrastructure tax credit schemes.

Question

Tax incentives are special exclusions, exemptions, deductions, or credits offered by the government to encourage specified activities. These incentives have sparked debates among Nigerian lawmakers, economists, accountants, tax practitioners, and the public.

The Federal Government remains optimistic that the positive effects of tax incentives on the economy outweigh the potential revenue loss.

A prominent businessman and Chairman of High Level Group of Companies approached your firm to provide professional advice on tax incentives available for companies in specific sectors.

Required:

As the officer designated by your firm, prepare a report to the Principal Partner for review, explaining the tax incentives available to:

(a) Mining businesses under the Minerals and Mining Act 2007 (6 Marks)
(b) Gas utilisation (downstream operations) businesses (5 Marks)
(c) Companies eligible for the Road Infrastructure Tax Credit Scheme (4 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Gas Utilisation, Infrastructure Tax Credit, Mining Industry, Tax Incentives
Level: Level 3

Topic: Tax Incentives and Reliefs

ATAX – May 2023 – L3 – Q6 – Tax Impact of Financing Decisions

Discuss thin capitalisation concepts, related rules under the Finance Act 2019, and non-tax factors affecting corporate location decisions.

Question

Tax planning is a right that taxpayers must exercise to reduce tax liability and improve profitability while fully complying with existing tax legislations to avoid penalties and further risks. Thin capitalisation and non-tax factors are important fiscal policy issues that corporate players and governments in different tax jurisdictions should not undermine.

Required:

(a) Explain the concept of thin capitalisation and the problems it may create for both creditors and tax authorities. (5 Marks)
(b) Discuss the thin capitalisation rules put in place by the Federal Government via the provisions of the Finance Act 2019. (4 Marks)
(c) Explain briefly, six important non-tax factors that may affect the choice of location of a corporate entity by a holding company in another tax jurisdiction. (6 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Finance Act, Non-Tax Considerations, Thin Capitalisation
Level: Level 3

Topic: Tax Impact of Financing Decisions

Level: Level 3

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ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q4 – Taxation of Specialized Businesses

Compute tax liabilities and discuss incentives for Dutse Mines in mining solid minerals

Required:

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ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q3 – Capital Gains Tax (CGT)

Address the principles of disposal under CGT Act, and compute CGT for transactions in Ikeja, Calabar, Abuja, and Kano.

Required:

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ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q2 – Emerging Trends in Taxation

Discuss technology-driven tools, their impact, and challenges in tax practice and administration.

Required:

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ATAX – May 2022 – L3 – Q1 – Taxation of Companies

Determination of tax liabilities, treatment of donations, and exemptions of dividends based on CIT Act provisions.

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CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q7b – Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

Discuss the content required in the Governance Report of corporate entities as mandated by SEC Nigeria.

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CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q7a – Ethical Issues in Corporate Reporting

Discuss unethical organizational acts and recommend the actions the Chief Accountant should take in a scenario of misrepresentation in financial reporting.

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CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q6 – Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

Discuss the rationale for different regulatory frameworks and analyze sources of corporate financial reporting regulations in Nigeria.

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CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q5 – Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

Discuss the benefits and criticisms of principle-based accounting standards and the consequences of transitioning from rule-based to principle-based standards.

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CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q4 – Business Combinations (IFRS 3)

Evaluate the impact of restructuring plans on individual and group accounts for Tanimo PLC and its subsidiaries.

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CR – Dec 2020 – L3 – Q3 – Regulatory Environment for Corporate Reporting

Discuss SEC risk management provisions and analyse components of effective risk reports and their benefits to financial institutions.

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q6 – Dividend Policy

Evaluate the comments in Neko Plc's annual report regarding dividend policy, share price, cost reduction, and tax minimization strategies.

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q5b – Corporate Governance and Financial Strategy

Discuss ways to motivate managers to align with and achieve stakeholder objectives.

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q5a – Strategic Performance Measurement

Evaluate TAXIM Plc’s financial performance in achieving profit growth, EPS growth, and shareholder return objectives.

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q4 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Evaluate the implications of equity financing decisions, analyze pre-emptive rights, estimate share price, and explore factors affecting price movement.

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q3 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate Tinco Limited's expansion project using financial metrics, assess sensitivity to contribution and tax rate changes, and incorporate capital allowances.

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q2 – Business Valuation Techniques

Analyze AHP’s intrinsic value using fundamental and technical analysis, apply the dividend valuation model, and evaluate EMH implications.

Table 1: Valuation Data for EHP

Statement of Profit or Loss Account

Statement of Financial Position

Other Relevant Information:

Required:

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Mergers and Acquisitions

Discuss the typical factors included in takeover regulations across countries.

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q1a – Business Valuation Techniques

Evaluate ZL's valuation using multiple methods and recommend whether KK should acquire ZL. Discuss takeover regulation factors.

Summarised financial data:

Economic data:

Expected effects of the acquisition:

Required:

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ATAX – May 2023 – L3 – Q7 – Tax Incentives and Reliefs

Explore tax incentives for mining businesses, gas utilisation operations, and companies eligible for road infrastructure tax credit schemes.

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ATAX – May 2023 – L3 – Q6 – Tax Impact of Financing Decisions

Discuss thin capitalisation concepts, related rules under the Finance Act 2019, and non-tax factors affecting corporate location decisions.

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